[Gerrit] ...core[master]: automatically upgrade syntax for python 3.6 - Pywikibot-commits

26 Sep 2022

jenkins-bot has submitted this change. ( https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/pywikibot/core/+/835290 )
Change subject: automatically upgrade syntax for python 3.6
......................................................................
automatically upgrade syntax for python 3.6
Change-Id: I1d9532fa1b9553e3dc90a2bf25f11a2f07b89431
---
M pywikibot/__init__.py
M pywikibot/_wbtypes.py
M pywikibot/bot.py
M pywikibot/bot_choice.py
M pywikibot/comms/eventstreams.py
M pywikibot/comms/http.py
M pywikibot/config.py
M pywikibot/cosmetic_changes.py
M pywikibot/data/api/_generators.py
M pywikibot/data/api/_optionset.py
M pywikibot/data/api/_paraminfo.py
M pywikibot/data/api/_requests.py
M pywikibot/data/mysql.py
M pywikibot/data/sparql.py
M pywikibot/date.py
M pywikibot/diff.py
M pywikibot/editor.py
M pywikibot/exceptions.py
M pywikibot/family.py
M pywikibot/i18n.py
M pywikibot/interwiki_graph.py
M pywikibot/logentries.py
M pywikibot/logging.py
M pywikibot/login.py
M pywikibot/page/_collections.py
M pywikibot/page/_decorators.py
M pywikibot/page/_links.py
M pywikibot/page/_pages.py
M pywikibot/page/_revision.py
M pywikibot/page/_wikibase.py
M pywikibot/pagegenerators/_factory.py
M pywikibot/pagegenerators/_filters.py
M pywikibot/pagegenerators/_generators.py
M pywikibot/proofreadpage.py
M pywikibot/scripts/generate_family_file.py
M pywikibot/scripts/generate_user_files.py
M pywikibot/scripts/login.py
M pywikibot/scripts/preload_sites.py
M pywikibot/scripts/version.py
M pywikibot/site/_apisite.py
M pywikibot/site/_datasite.py
M pywikibot/site/_extensions.py
M pywikibot/site/_generators.py
M pywikibot/site/_interwikimap.py
M pywikibot/site/_namespace.py
M pywikibot/site/_siteinfo.py
M pywikibot/site/_upload.py
M pywikibot/site_detect.py
M pywikibot/specialbots/_upload.py
M pywikibot/textlib.py
M pywikibot/throttle.py
M pywikibot/time.py
M pywikibot/tools/__init__.py
M pywikibot/tools/_deprecate.py
M pywikibot/tools/chars.py
M pywikibot/tools/collections.py
M pywikibot/tools/djvu.py
M pywikibot/tools/formatter.py
M pywikibot/userinterfaces/gui.py
M pywikibot/userinterfaces/terminal_interface_base.py
M pywikibot/version.py
M scripts/add_text.py
M scripts/archivebot.py
M scripts/blockpageschecker.py
M scripts/category.py
M scripts/category_redirect.py
M scripts/checkimages.py
M scripts/commons_information.py
M scripts/commonscat.py
M scripts/coordinate_import.py
M scripts/cosmetic_changes.py
M scripts/create_isbn_edition.py
M scripts/data_ingestion.py
M scripts/dataextend.py
M scripts/delete.py
M scripts/delinker.py
M scripts/djvutext.py
M scripts/download_dump.py
M scripts/fixing_redirects.py
M scripts/harvest_template.py
M scripts/imagetransfer.py
M scripts/interwiki.py
M scripts/interwikidata.py
M scripts/listpages.py
M scripts/maintenance/cache.py
M scripts/maintenance/colors.py
M scripts/maintenance/make_i18n_dict.py
M scripts/maintenance/sorting_order.py
M scripts/maintenance/wikimedia_sites.py
M scripts/movepages.py
M scripts/newitem.py
M scripts/noreferences.py
M scripts/pagefromfile.py
M scripts/parser_function_count.py
M scripts/patrol.py
M scripts/protect.py
M scripts/redirect.py
M scripts/reflinks.py
M scripts/replace.py
M scripts/replicate_wiki.py
M scripts/revertbot.py
M scripts/solve_disambiguation.py
M scripts/speedy_delete.py
M scripts/template.py
M scripts/templatecount.py
M scripts/touch.py
M scripts/transferbot.py
M scripts/watchlist.py
M scripts/weblinkchecker.py
M scripts/welcome.py
M tests/__init__.py
M tests/archivebot_tests.py
M tests/aspects.py
M tests/basesite_tests.py
M tests/date_tests.py
M tests/diff_tests.py
M tests/djvu_tests.py
M tests/dry_api_tests.py
M tests/edit_tests.py
M tests/eventstreams_tests.py
M tests/file_tests.py
M tests/i18n_tests.py
M tests/link_tests.py
M tests/linter_tests.py
M tests/logentries_tests.py
M tests/page_tests.py
M tests/pagegenerators_tests.py
M tests/paraminfo_tests.py
M tests/patrolbot_tests.py
M tests/plural_tests.py
M tests/proofreadpage_tests.py
M tests/pwb/print_env.py
M tests/pwb/print_locals.py
M tests/pwb_tests.py
M tests/replacebot_tests.py
M tests/site_generators_tests.py
M tests/site_tests.py
M tests/textlib_tests.py
M tests/token_tests.py
M tests/ui_options_tests.py
M tests/ui_tests.py
M tests/utils.py
142 files changed, 654 insertions(+), 664 deletions(-)
Approvals:
  JJMC89: Looks good to me, approved
  jenkins-bot: Verified

diff --git a/pywikibot/__init__.py b/pywikibot/__init__.py
index a8e8889..ca3c648 100644
--- a/pywikibot/__init__.py
+++ b/pywikibot/__init__.py
@@ -409,7 +409,7 @@
                 assert isinstance(precision, str)
                 self.precision = self.PRECISION[precision]
             else:
-                raise ValueError('Invalid precision: "{}"'.format(precision))
+                raise ValueError(f'Invalid precision: "{precision}"')
@classmethod
     def fromTimestr(cls: Type['WbTime'],
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@
         match = re.match(r'([-+]?\d+)-(\d+)-(\d+)T(\d+):(\d+):(\d+)Z',
                          datetimestr)
         if not match:
-            raise ValueError("Invalid format: '{}'".format(datetimestr))
+            raise ValueError(f"Invalid format: '{datetimestr}'")
         t = match.groups()
         return cls(int(t[0]), int(t[1]), int(t[2]),
                    int(t[3]), int(t[4]), int(t[5]),
@@ -790,15 +790,15 @@
# validate page exists
         if not page.exists():
-            raise ValueError('Page {} must exist.'.format(page))
+            raise ValueError(f'Page {page} must exist.')
# validate page is on the right site, and that site supports the type
         if not data_site:
             raise ValueError(
-                'The provided site does not support {}.'.format(label))
+                f'The provided site does not support {label}.')
         if page.site != data_site:
             raise ValueError(
-                'Page must be on the {} repository site.'.format(label))
+                f'Page must be on the {label} repository site.')
# validate page title fulfills hard-coded Wikibase requirement
         # pcre regexp: '/^Data:[^\[\]#\:{|}]+.map$/u' for geo-shape
@@ -1096,15 +1096,15 @@
         try:
             tmp = __import__('pywikibot.site', fromlist=[interface])
         except ImportError:
-            raise ValueError('Invalid interface name: {}'.format(interface))
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid interface name: {interface}')
         else:
             interface = getattr(tmp, interface)
if not issubclass(interface, BaseSite):
-        warning('Site called with interface={}'.format(interface.__name__))
+        warning(f'Site called with interface={interface.__name__}')
user = normalize_username(user)
-    key = '{}:{}:{}:{}'.format(interface.__name__, fam, code, user)
+    key = f'{interface.__name__}:{fam}:{code}:{user}'
     if key not in _sites or not isinstance(_sites[key], interface):
         _sites[key] = interface(code=code, fam=fam, user=user)
         debug("Instantiated {} object '{}'"
diff --git a/pywikibot/_wbtypes.py b/pywikibot/_wbtypes.py
index 8484d5c..f9934a2 100644
--- a/pywikibot/_wbtypes.py
+++ b/pywikibot/_wbtypes.py
@@ -48,9 +48,9 @@
         assert all(isinstance(item, str) for item in self._items)
values = ((attr, getattr(self, attr)) for attr in self._items)
-        attrs = ', '.join('{}={}'.format(attr, value)
+        attrs = ', '.join(f'{attr}={value}'
                           for attr, value in values)
-        return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, attrs)
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({attrs})'
def __eq__(self, other: object) -> bool:
         if isinstance(other, self.__class__):
diff --git a/pywikibot/bot.py b/pywikibot/bot.py
index 6aaa9f0..be0d959 100644
--- a/pywikibot/bot.py
+++ b/pywikibot/bot.py
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@
     """
     path, qualifier = name.rsplit('.', 1)
     root, ext = os.path.splitext(path)
-    return '{}.{}{}'.format(root, qualifier, ext)
+    return f'{root}.{qualifier}{ext}'
def init_handlers() -> None:
@@ -468,10 +468,10 @@
         .format(pywikibot.__version__))
# script call
-    log('COMMAND: {}'.format(sys.argv))
+    log(f'COMMAND: {sys.argv}')
# script call time stamp
-    log('DATE: {} UTC'.format(datetime.datetime.utcnow()))
+    log(f'DATE: {datetime.datetime.utcnow()} UTC')
# new framework release/revision? (handle_args needs to be called first)
     try:
@@ -482,10 +482,10 @@
# system
     if hasattr(os, 'uname'):
-        log('SYSTEM: {}'.format(os.uname()))
+        log(f'SYSTEM: {os.uname()}')
# config file dir
-    log('CONFIG FILE DIR: {}'.format(pywikibot.config.base_dir))
+    log(f'CONFIG FILE DIR: {pywikibot.config.base_dir}')
# These are the main dependencies of pywikibot.
     check_package_list = [
@@ -521,10 +521,10 @@
             param['timespec'] = 'seconds'
         mtime = version.get_module_mtime(module).isoformat(**param)
-        log('  {} {}'.format(mtime, filename))
+        log(f'  {mtime} {filename}')
if config.log_pywiki_repo_version:
-        log('PYWIKI REPO VERSION: {}'.format(version.getversion_onlinerepo()))
+        log(f'PYWIKI REPO VERSION: {version.getversion_onlinerepo()}')
log('=' * 57)
@@ -740,7 +740,7 @@
             if isinstance(c, Choice) and c.shortcut == choice:
                 return c.handle()
-        raise ValueError('Invalid choice "{}"'.format(choice))
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid choice "{choice}"')
def __call__(self, link: PageLinkType,
                  text: str, groups: Mapping[str, str],
@@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@
     """
     messages = []
     if exception:
-        messages.append('An error occurred: "{}".'.format(exception))
+        messages.append(f'An error occurred: "{exception}".')
     if missing_generator:
         messages.append(
             'Unable to execute script because no generator was defined.')
@@ -1100,7 +1100,7 @@
     """
     modname = calledModuleName()
     # put quotation marks around all parameters
-    args = [modname] + ['"{}"'.format(s) for s in pywikibot.argvu[1:]]
+    args = [modname] + [f'"{s}"' for s in pywikibot.argvu[1:]]
     command_log_filename = config.datafilepath('logs', 'commands.log')
     try:
         command_log_file = codecs.open(command_log_filename, 'a', 'utf-8')
@@ -1389,7 +1389,7 @@
         """
         if page != self._current_page:
             self._current_page = page
-            msg = 'Working on {!r}'.format(page.title())
+            msg = f'Working on {page.title()!r}'
             if config.colorized_output:
                 log(msg)
                 stdout('\n\n>>> <<lightpurple>>{}<<default>> <<<'
@@ -1725,7 +1725,7 @@
         if not self._site:
             warning('Bot.site was not set before being retrieved.')
             self.site = pywikibot.Site()
-            warning('Using the default site: {}'.format(self.site))
+            warning(f'Using the default site: {self.site}')
         assert self._site is not None
         return self._site
@@ -1742,11 +1742,11 @@
             return
if site not in self._sites:
-            log('LOADING SITE {} VERSION: {}'.format(site, site.mw_version))
+            log(f'LOADING SITE {site} VERSION: {site.mw_version}')
self._sites.add(site)
             if len(self._sites) == 2:
-                log('{} uses multiple sites'.format(self.__class__.__name__))
+                log(f'{self.__class__.__name__} uses multiple sites')
         if self._site and self._site != site:
             log('{}: changing site from {} to {}'
                 .format(self.__class__.__name__, self._site, site))
@@ -1893,7 +1893,7 @@
         section = calledModuleName()
if (conf.read(self.INI) == [self.INI] and conf.has_section(section)):
-            pywikibot.output('Reading settings from {} file.'.format(self.INI))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Reading settings from {self.INI} file.')
             options = {}
             for option, value in self.available_options.items():
                 if not conf.has_option(section, option):
@@ -1908,7 +1908,7 @@
                 options[option] = method(section, option)
             for opt in set(conf.options(section)) - set(options):
                 pywikibot.warning(
-                    '"{}" is not a valid option. It was ignored.'.format(opt))
+                    f'"{opt}" is not a valid option. It was ignored.')
             options.update(kwargs)
         else:
             options = kwargs
@@ -2009,7 +2009,7 @@
             summary = i18n.twtranslate(self.current_page.site,
                                        self.summary_key,
                                        self.summary_parameters)
-            pywikibot.log('Use automatic summary message "{}"'.format(summary))
+            pywikibot.log(f'Use automatic summary message "{summary}"')
             kwargs['summary'] = summary
         super().put_current(*args, **kwargs)
@@ -2146,7 +2146,7 @@
         self.repo = self.site.data_repository()
         if self.repo is None:
             raise WikiBaseError(
-                '{} is not connected to a data repository'.format(self.site))
+                f'{self.site} is not connected to a data repository')
def cacheSources(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -2397,7 +2397,7 @@
                 'value': page.title(without_brackets=page.namespace() == 0)
             }
         })
-        pywikibot.output('Creating item for {}...'.format(page))
+        pywikibot.output(f'Creating item for {page}...')
         item = pywikibot.ItemPage(page.site.data_repository())
         kwargs.setdefault('show_diff', False)
         result = self.user_edit_entity(item, data, summary=summary, **kwargs)
@@ -2446,7 +2446,7 @@
             item = self.create_item_for_page(page, asynchronous=False)
if not item and not self.treat_missing_item:
-            pywikibot.output("{} doesn't have a Wikidata item.".format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f"{page} doesn't have a Wikidata item.")
             return
self.treat_page_and_item(page, item)
diff --git a/pywikibot/bot_choice.py b/pywikibot/bot_choice.py
index 2dbbdc8..dbeacac 100644
--- a/pywikibot/bot_choice.py
+++ b/pywikibot/bot_choice.py
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
             return '{}[{}]{}'.format(
                 self.option[:index], shortcut,
                 self.option[index + len(self.shortcut):])
-        return '{} [{}]'.format(self.option, shortcut)
+        return f'{self.option} [{shortcut}]'
def result(self, value: str) -> Any:
         """Return the lowercased shortcut."""
@@ -434,7 +434,7 @@
if default is not None and self.test(default):
             value = self.parse(default)
-            default = '[{}]'.format(value)
+            default = f'[{value}]'
         else:
             default = ''
@@ -449,14 +449,14 @@
                 default = ''
             else:
                 maximum = '' if self.maximum is None else str(self.maximum)
-            default = '-{}-'.format(default) if default else '-'
+            default = f'-{default}-' if default else '-'
             if self.minimum == self.maximum:
                 rng = minimum
             else:
                 rng = minimum + default + maximum
         else:
             rng = 'any' + default
-        return '{}<number> [{}]'.format(self.prefix, rng)
+        return f'{self.prefix}<number> [{rng}]'
def parse(self, value: str) -> int:
         """Return integer from value with prefix removed."""
diff --git a/pywikibot/comms/eventstreams.py b/pywikibot/comms/eventstreams.py
index 21f591b..cd9c280 100644
--- a/pywikibot/comms/eventstreams.py
+++ b/pywikibot/comms/eventstreams.py
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@
         if kwargs['timeout'] == config.socket_timeout:
             kwargs.pop('timeout')
         return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, ', '.join(
-            '{}={!r}'.format(k, v) for k, v in kwargs.items()))
+            f'{k}={v!r}' for k, v in kwargs.items()))
@property
     @cached
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
             host=self._site.eventstreams_host(),
             path=self._site.eventstreams_path(),
             streams=self._streams,
-            since='?since={}'.format(self._since) if self._since else '')
+            since=f'?since={self._since}' if self._since else '')
def set_maximum_items(self, value: int) -> None:
         """
@@ -282,7 +282,7 @@
             if callable(func):
                 self.filter[ftype].append(func)
             else:
-                raise TypeError('{} is not a callable'.format(func))
+                raise TypeError(f'{func} is not a callable')
# register pairs of keys and items as a filter function
         for key, value in kwargs.items():
@@ -357,9 +357,9 @@
                 else:
                     ignore_first_empty_warning = False
             elif event.event == 'error':
-                warning('Encountered error: {}'.format(event.data))
+                warning(f'Encountered error: {event.data}')
             else:
-                warning('Unknown event {} occurred.'.format(event.event))
+                warning(f'Unknown event {event.event} occurred.')
debug('{}: Stopped iterating due to exceeding item limit.'
               .format(self.__class__.__name__))
diff --git a/pywikibot/comms/http.py b/pywikibot/comms/http.py
index 4948f15..8b492f6 100644
--- a/pywikibot/comms/http.py
+++ b/pywikibot/comms/http.py
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
     session.close()
if hasattr(sys, 'last_type'):
-        critical('Exiting due to uncaught exception {}'.format(sys.last_type))
+        critical(f'Exiting due to uncaught exception {sys.last_type}')
log('Network session closed.')
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@
     # HTTP status 207 is also a success status for Webdav FINDPROP,
     # used by the version module.
     if response.status_code not in (HTTPStatus.OK, HTTPStatus.MULTI_STATUS):
-        warning('Http response status {}'.format(response.status_code))
+        warning(f'Http response status {response.status_code}')
def fetch(uri: str, method: str = 'GET', headers: Optional[dict] = None,
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
             pywikibot.warning('Unknown or invalid encoding {!r}'
                               .format(encoding))
         except UnicodeDecodeError as e:
-            pywikibot.warning('{} found in {}'.format(e, content))
+            pywikibot.warning(f'{e} found in {content}')
         else:
             return encoding
diff --git a/pywikibot/config.py b/pywikibot/config.py
index 536e2e0..0862233 100644
--- a/pywikibot/config.py
+++ b/pywikibot/config.py
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@
         base_dir = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(os.getcwd(), base_dir))
     # make sure this path is valid and that it contains user-config file
     if not os.path.isdir(base_dir):
-        raise RuntimeError("Directory '{}' does not exist.".format(base_dir))
+        raise RuntimeError(f"Directory '{base_dir}' does not exist.")
     # check if config_file is in base_dir
     if not exists(base_dir):
         exc_text = 'No {} found in directory {!r}.\n'.format(
@@ -931,7 +931,7 @@
         key1 = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, key_name)
         _prog_id = winreg.EnumValue(key1, 0)[0]
         _key2 = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT,
-                               r'{}\shell\open\command'.format(_prog_id))
+                               fr'{_prog_id}\shell\open\command')
         _cmd = winreg.QueryValueEx(_key2, '')[0]
         # See T102465 for issues relating to using this value.
         cmd = _cmd
@@ -985,14 +985,14 @@
     _filemode = _filestatus[0]
     _fileuid = _filestatus[4]
     if not OSWIN32 and _fileuid not in [os.getuid(), 0]:
-        warning('Skipped {fn!r}: owned by someone else.'.format(fn=_filename))
+        warning(f'Skipped {_filename!r}: owned by someone else.')
     elif OSWIN32 or _filemode & 0o02 == 0:
         with open(_filename, 'rb') as f:
             exec(compile(f.read(), _filename, 'exec'), _exec_globals)
     else:
-        warning('Skipped {fn!r}: writeable by others.'.format(fn=_filename))
+        warning(f'Skipped {_filename!r}: writeable by others.')
 elif __no_user_config and __no_user_config != '2':
-    warning('{} cannot be loaded.'.format(user_config_file))
+    warning(f'{user_config_file} cannot be loaded.')
class _DifferentTypeError(UserWarning, TypeError):
@@ -1156,7 +1156,7 @@
         if _arg == 'modified':
             _all = False
         else:
-            warning('Unknown arg {} ignored'.format(_arg))
+            warning(f'Unknown arg {_arg} ignored')
for _name in sorted(globals()):
         if _name[0] != '_' \
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@
                           + '( ...xxxxxxxx... )')
             else:
                 _value = repr('xxxxxxxx')
-            output('{}={}'.format(_name, _value))
+            output(f'{_name}={_value}')
# cleanup all locally-defined variables
 for __var in list(globals()):
diff --git a/pywikibot/cosmetic_changes.py b/pywikibot/cosmetic_changes.py
index 29d7517..04e6513 100644
--- a/pywikibot/cosmetic_changes.py
+++ b/pywikibot/cosmetic_changes.py
@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@
     except stdnum_isbn.ValidationError as e:
         if strict:
             raise
-        pywikibot.log('ISBN "{}" validation error: {}'.format(isbn, e))
+        pywikibot.log(f'ISBN "{isbn}" validation error: {e}')
         return isbn
return stdnum_isbn.format(isbn)
@@ -428,7 +428,7 @@
             # lowerspaced and underscored namespaces
             for i, item in enumerate(namespaces):
                 item = item.replace(' ', '[ _]')
-                item = '[{}{}]'.format(item[0], item[0].lower()) + item[1:]
+                item = f'[{item[0]}{item[0].lower()}]' + item[1:]
                 namespaces[i] = item
             namespaces.append(first_lower(final_ns))
             if final_ns and namespaces:
@@ -441,14 +441,14 @@
                         r'[[\s*({}) *:(?P<name>[^|]]*?.({}))'
                         r'(?P<label>.*?)]]'
                         .format('|'.join(namespaces), '|'.join(extensions)),
-                        r'[[{}:\g<name>\g<label>]]'.format(final_ns),
+                        fr'[[{final_ns}:\g<name>\g<label>]]',
                         exceptions)
                 else:
                     text = textlib.replaceExcept(
                         text,
                         r'[[\s*({}) *:(?P<nameAndLabel>.*?)]]'
                         .format('|'.join(namespaces)),
-                        r'[[{}:\g<nameAndLabel>]]'.format(final_ns),
+                        fr'[[{final_ns}:\g<nameAndLabel>]]',
                         exceptions)
         return text
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@
                 firstcase_label = label
if firstcase_label == firstcase_title:
-                newLink = '[[{}]]'.format(label)
+                newLink = f'[[{label}]]'
             # Check if we can create a link with trailing characters
             # instead of a pipelink
             elif (firstcase_label.startswith(firstcase_title)
@@ -614,7 +614,7 @@
                 # uppercase
                 if self.site.sitename == 'wikipedia:de':
                     titleWithSection = first_upper(titleWithSection)
-                newLink = '[[{}|{}]]'.format(titleWithSection, label)
+                newLink = f'[[{titleWithSection}|{label}]]'
             # re-add spaces that were pulled out of the link.
             # Examples:
             #   text[[ title ]]text        -> text [[title]] text
@@ -862,7 +862,7 @@
                 title_regex = (r'(?P<link>[^{sep}]+?)'
                                r'(\s+(?P<title>[^\s].*?))'
                                .format(sep=separator))
-                url_regex = r'[[?{url}?\s*]]?'.format(url=url)
+                url_regex = fr'[[?{url}?\s*]]?'
                 text = textlib.replaceExcept(
                     text,
                     url_regex.format(title=title_regex),
@@ -885,7 +885,7 @@
         # dash in external link, where the correct end of the URL can
         # be detected from the file extension. It is very unlikely that
         # this will cause mistakes.
-        extensions = [r'.{}'.format(ext)
+        extensions = [fr'.{ext}'
                       for ext in ['pdf', 'html?', 'php', 'aspx?', 'jsp']]
         text = textlib.replaceExcept(
             text,
diff --git a/pywikibot/data/api/_generators.py b/pywikibot/data/api/_generators.py
index 21b39c4..5e6daa2 100644
--- a/pywikibot/data/api/_generators.py
+++ b/pywikibot/data/api/_generators.py
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@
     def _clean_kwargs(self, kwargs, **mw_api_args):
         """Clean kwargs, define site and request class."""
         if 'site' not in kwargs:
-            warn('{} invoked without a site'.format(self.__class__.__name__),
+            warn(f'{self.__class__.__name__} invoked without a site',
                  RuntimeWarning, 3)
             kwargs['site'] = pywikibot.Site()
         assert not hasattr(self, 'site') or self.site == kwargs['site']
diff --git a/pywikibot/data/api/_optionset.py b/pywikibot/data/api/_optionset.py
index 7663df2..a947d06 100644
--- a/pywikibot/data/api/_optionset.py
+++ b/pywikibot/data/api/_optionset.py
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
 from collections.abc import MutableMapping
 from typing import Optional
+
 __all__ = ['OptionSet']
@@ -128,22 +129,22 @@
         """Set option to enabled, disabled or neither."""
         if value is True:
             if self._site_set and name not in self._valid_enable:
-                raise KeyError('Invalid name "{}"'.format(name))
+                raise KeyError(f'Invalid name "{name}"')
             self._enabled.add(name)
             self._disabled.discard(name)
         elif value is False:
             if self._site_set and name not in self._valid_disable:
-                raise KeyError('Invalid name "{}"'.format(name))
+                raise KeyError(f'Invalid name "{name}"')
             self._disabled.add(name)
             self._enabled.discard(name)
         elif value is None:
             if self._site_set and (name not in self._valid_enable
                                    or name not in self._valid_disable):
-                raise KeyError('Invalid name "{}"'.format(name))
+                raise KeyError(f'Invalid name "{name}"')
             self._enabled.discard(name)
             self._disabled.discard(name)
         else:
-            raise ValueError('Invalid value "{}"'.format(value))
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid value "{value}"')
def __getitem__(self, name) -> Optional[bool]:
         """
@@ -161,7 +162,7 @@
         if (self._site_set or name in self._valid_enable
                 or name in self._valid_disable):
             return None
-        raise KeyError('Invalid name "{}"'.format(name))
+        raise KeyError(f'Invalid name "{name}"')
def __delitem__(self, name) -> None:
         """Remove the item by setting it to None."""
@@ -176,7 +177,7 @@
         """Iterate over each option as they appear in the URL."""
         yield from self._enabled
         for disabled in self._disabled:
-            yield '!{}'.format(disabled)
+            yield f'!{disabled}'
def __len__(self) -> int:
         """Return the number of enabled and disabled options."""
diff --git a/pywikibot/data/api/_paraminfo.py b/pywikibot/data/api/_paraminfo.py
index 49c552a..3bd2c1a 100644
--- a/pywikibot/data/api/_paraminfo.py
+++ b/pywikibot/data/api/_paraminfo.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 from pywikibot.backports import Dict, removeprefix
 from pywikibot.tools.itertools import itergroup
+
 __all__ = ['ParamInfo']
@@ -422,7 +423,7 @@
                         pywikibot.warning('Path "{}" is ambiguous.'
                                           .format(path))
                     else:
-                        pywikibot.log('Found another path "{}"'.format(path))
+                        pywikibot.log(f'Found another path "{path}"')
                     result_data[path] = False
                 else:
                     result_data[path] = mod_data
@@ -482,12 +483,12 @@
         try:
             module = self[module]
         except KeyError:
-            raise ValueError("paraminfo for '{}' not loaded".format(module))
+            raise ValueError(f"paraminfo for '{module}' not loaded")
try:
             params = module['parameters']
         except KeyError:
-            pywikibot.warning("module '{}' has no parameters".format(module))
+            pywikibot.warning(f"module '{module}' has no parameters")
             return None
param_data = [param for param in params
@@ -548,7 +549,7 @@
     @staticmethod
     def _prefix_submodules(modules, prefix):
         """Prefix submodules with path."""
-        return {'{}+{}'.format(prefix, mod) for mod in modules}
+        return {f'{prefix}+{mod}' for mod in modules}
@property
     def prefix_map(self):
diff --git a/pywikibot/data/api/_requests.py b/pywikibot/data/api/_requests.py
index 5e1d564..f9c37dd 100644
--- a/pywikibot/data/api/_requests.py
+++ b/pywikibot/data/api/_requests.py
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@
 from pywikibot.textlib import removeHTMLParts
 from pywikibot.tools import PYTHON_VERSION
+
 __all__ = ('CachedRequest', 'Request', 'encode_url')
# Actions that imply database updates on the server, used for various
@@ -658,7 +659,7 @@
                     or self.site.maximum_GET_length() < len(paramstring)):
                 use_get = False
             if use_get:
-                uri = '{}?{}'.format(uri, paramstring)
+                uri = f'{uri}?{paramstring}'
                 body = None
             else:
                 body = paramstring
@@ -697,7 +698,7 @@
         except Exception:
             # for any other error on the http request, wait and retry
             pywikibot.error(traceback.format_exc())
-            pywikibot.log('{}, {}'.format(uri, paramstring))
+            pywikibot.log(f'{uri}, {paramstring}')
         else:
             return response, use_get
         self.wait()
@@ -912,7 +913,7 @@
if not delay:
             pywikibot.warning(
-                'No rate limit found for action {}'.format(self.action))
+                f'No rate limit found for action {self.action}')
         self.wait(delay)
def _bad_token(self, code) -> bool:
@@ -980,7 +981,7 @@
                 self.site.throttle(write=self.write)
             else:
                 pywikibot.log(
-                    "Submitting unthrottled action '{}'.".format(self.action))
+                    f"Submitting unthrottled action '{self.action}'.")
use_get, uri, body, headers = self._get_request_params(use_get,
                                                                    paramstring)
@@ -1040,8 +1041,8 @@
                 return {'help': {'mime': 'text/plain',
                                  'help': error['help']}}
-            pywikibot.warning('API error {}: {}'.format(code, info))
-            pywikibot.log('           headers=\n{}'.format(response.headers))
+            pywikibot.warning(f'API error {code}: {info}')
+            pywikibot.log(f'           headers=\n{response.headers}')
if self._internal_api_error(code, error.copy(), result):
                 continue
@@ -1103,7 +1104,7 @@
                 param_repr = str(self._params)
                 pywikibot.log('API Error: query=\n{}'
                               .format(pprint.pformat(param_repr)))
-                pywikibot.log('           response=\n{}'.format(result))
+                pywikibot.log(f'           response=\n{result}')
raise pywikibot.exceptions.APIError(**error)
             except TypeError:
@@ -1164,7 +1165,7 @@
         :return: base directory path for cache entries
         """
         path = os.path.join(config.base_dir,
-                            'apicache-py{:d}'.format(PYTHON_VERSION[0]))
+                            f'apicache-py{PYTHON_VERSION[0]:d}')
         cls._make_dir(path)
         cls._get_cache_dir = classmethod(lambda c: path)  # cache the result
         return path
@@ -1203,7 +1204,7 @@
             user_key = repr(LoginStatus(LoginStatus.NOT_LOGGED_IN))
request_key = repr(sorted(self._encoded_items().items()))
-        return '{!r}{}{}'.format(self.site, user_key, request_key)
+        return f'{self.site!r}{user_key}{request_key}'
def _create_file_name(self) -> str:
         """Return a unique ascii identifier for the cache entry."""
@@ -1242,7 +1243,7 @@
             # file not found
             return False
         except Exception as e:
-            pywikibot.output('Could not load cache: {!r}'.format(e))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Could not load cache: {e!r}')
             return False
def _write_cache(self, data) -> None:
diff --git a/pywikibot/data/mysql.py b/pywikibot/data/mysql.py
index 6e7a83c..b458d26 100644
--- a/pywikibot/data/mysql.py
+++ b/pywikibot/data/mysql.py
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@
if pymysql_version < pkg_resources.parse_version('0.7.11'):
         issue_deprecation_warning(
-            'pymysql package release {}'.format(pymysql_version),
+            f'pymysql package release {pymysql_version}',
             instead='pymysql >= 0.7.11', since='7.4.0')
         connection = _OldConnection(**args, **credentials)
     else:
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@
             if not isinstance(_query, str):
                 _query = str(_query, encoding='utf-8')
             _query = _query.strip()
-            _query = '\n'.join('    {}'.format(line)
+            _query = '\n'.join(f'    {line}'
                                for line in _query.splitlines())
             pywikibot.output('Executing query:\n' + _query)
diff --git a/pywikibot/data/sparql.py b/pywikibot/data/sparql.py
index c6e42f6..0f0dcc0 100644
--- a/pywikibot/data/sparql.py
+++ b/pywikibot/data/sparql.py
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@
         if headers is None:
             headers = DEFAULT_HEADERS
-        url = '{}?query={}'.format(self.endpoint, quote(query))
+        url = f'{self.endpoint}?query={quote(query)}'
         while True:
             try:
                 self.last_response = http.fetch(url, headers=headers)
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
         self.max_retries -= 1
         if self.max_retries < 0:
             raise TimeoutError('Maximum retries attempted without success.')
-        warning('Waiting {} seconds before retrying.'.format(self.retry_wait))
+        warning(f'Waiting {self.retry_wait} seconds before retrying.')
         sleep(self.retry_wait)
         # double the next wait, but do not exceed config.retry_max seconds
         self.retry_wait = min(config.retry_max, self.retry_wait * 2)
diff --git a/pywikibot/date.py b/pywikibot/date.py
index 82a4145..21d2398 100644
--- a/pywikibot/date.py
+++ b/pywikibot/date.py
@@ -260,14 +260,14 @@
     """
     if value == ind:
         return match
-    raise ValueError('unknown value {}'.format(value))
+    raise ValueError(f'unknown value {value}')
@dh_constVal.register(str)
 def _(value: str, ind: int, match: str) -> int:
     if value == match:
         return ind
-    raise ValueError('unknown value {}'.format(value))
+    raise ValueError(f'unknown value {value}')
def alwaysTrue(x: Any) -> bool:
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
 def intToRomanNum(i: int) -> str:
     """Convert integer to roman numeral."""
     if i >= len(_romanNumbers):
-        raise IndexError('Roman value {} is not defined'.format(i))
+        raise IndexError(f'Roman value {i} is not defined')
     return _romanNumbers[i]
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@
# Allows to search for '(%%)|(%d)|(%R)|...", and allows one digit 1-9 to set
 # the size of zero-padding for numbers
-_reParameters = re.compile('|'.join('(%[1-9]?{})'.format(s)
+_reParameters = re.compile('|'.join(f'(%[1-9]?{s})'
                                     for s in _digitDecoders))
# A map of sitecode+pattern to (re matching object and corresponding decoders)
@@ -407,12 +407,12 @@
if len(subpattern) == 3:
             # enforce mandatory field size
-            newpattern += '([{}]{{{}}})'.format(dec[0], subpattern[1])
+            newpattern += f'([{dec[0]}]{{{subpattern[1]}}})'
             # add the number of required digits as the last (4th)
             # part of the tuple
             decoders.append(dec + (int(s[1]),))
         else:
-            newpattern += '([{}]+)'.format(dec[0])
+            newpattern += f'([{dec[0]}]+)'
             decoders.append(dec)
# All encoders produce a string for strpattern.
@@ -488,7 +488,7 @@
     # This will be called from outside as well as recursivelly to verify
     # parsed value
     if filter and not filter(value):
-        raise ValueError('value {} is not allowed'.format(value))
+        raise ValueError(f'value {value} is not allowed')
params = encf(value)
@@ -674,7 +674,7 @@
                 pattern, ucase = self.year_formats.get(key, ('{} %d', True))
                 func = 'dh_mnthOfYear'
             else:
-                raise KeyError("Wrong variant '{}'".format(self.variant))
+                raise KeyError(f"Wrong variant '{self.variant}'")
if ucase:
                 f = first_upper
@@ -684,7 +684,7 @@
                 f = str
month_pattern = pattern.format(f(monthName(key, self.index)))
-            expression = "lambda v: {}(v, '{}')".format(func, month_pattern)
+            expression = f"lambda v: {func}(v, '{month_pattern}')"
             self.data[key] = eval(expression)
         return self.data[key]
@@ -1683,10 +1683,10 @@
         if patterns[i] is not None:
             if isMnthOfYear:
                 formats[yrMnthFmts[i]][lang] = eval(
-                    'lambda v: dh_mnthOfYear(v, "{}")'.format(patterns[i]))
+                    f'lambda v: dh_mnthOfYear(v, "{patterns[i]}")')
             else:
                 formats[dayMnthFmts[i]][lang] = eval(
-                    'lambda v: dh_dayOfMnth(v, "{}")'.format(patterns[i]))
+                    f'lambda v: dh_dayOfMnth(v, "{patterns[i]}")')
def makeMonthList(pattern: str) -> List[str]:
diff --git a/pywikibot/diff.py b/pywikibot/diff.py
index 9c94077..c8f397f 100644
--- a/pywikibot/diff.py
+++ b/pywikibot/diff.py
@@ -7,9 +7,7 @@
 import difflib
 import math
 from collections import abc
-from difflib import (  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
-    _format_range_unified as format_range_unified,
-)
+from difflib import _format_range_unified  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
 from itertools import zip_longest
 from typing import Optional, Union
@@ -82,8 +80,8 @@
     def get_header_text(a_rng: Tuple[int, int], b_rng: Tuple[int, int],
                         affix: str = '@@') -> str:
         """Provide header for any ranges."""
-        a_rng = format_range_unified(*a_rng)
-        b_rng = format_range_unified(*b_rng)
+        a_rng = _format_range_unified(*a_rng)
+        b_rng = _format_range_unified(*b_rng)
         return '{0} -{1} +{2} {0}'.format(affix, a_rng, b_rng)
def create_diff(self) -> Iterable[str]:
@@ -192,7 +190,7 @@
                     color_closed = False
             else:
                 if char_ref == ' ':
-                    char_tagged = '<<default>>{}'.format(char)
+                    char_tagged = f'<<default>>{char}'
                     color_closed = True
             colored_line += char_tagged
@@ -212,7 +210,7 @@
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Return a reconstructable representation."""
         # TODO
-        return '{}(a, b, {})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self.group)
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}(a, b, {self.group})'
class _SuperHunk(abc.Sequence):
@@ -372,7 +370,7 @@
         """Generate a diff text for the given hunks."""
         def extend_context(start: int, end: int) -> str:
             """Add context lines."""
-            return ''.join('  {}\n'.format(line.rstrip())
+            return ''.join(f'  {line.rstrip()}\n'
                            for line in self.a[start:end])
context_range = self._get_context_range(hunks)
@@ -512,7 +510,7 @@
                     position = next_hunk_position
                 elif next_hunk:  # nothing entered is silently ignored
                     pywikibot.error(
-                        'Invalid hunk number "{}"'.format(next_hunk))
+                        f'Invalid hunk number "{next_hunk}"')
             elif choice == 'j':
                 assert next_pending is not None
                 position = next_pending
@@ -528,11 +526,11 @@
                                + super_hunks[position].split()
                                + super_hunks[position + 1:])
                 pywikibot.output(
-                    'Split into {} hunks'.format(len(super_hunk._hunks)))
+                    f'Split into {len(super_hunk._hunks)} hunks')
             else:  # choice == '?':
                 pywikibot.output(
                     '<<purple>>{}<<default>>'.format('\n'.join(
-                        '{} -> {}'.format(answer, help_msg[answer])
+                        f'{answer} -> {help_msg[answer]}'
                         for answer in answers)))
def apply(self) -> List[str]:
diff --git a/pywikibot/editor.py b/pywikibot/editor.py
index c3f53fa..e29b2de 100644
--- a/pywikibot/editor.py
+++ b/pywikibot/editor.py
@@ -47,27 +47,27 @@
         if config.editor.startswith('kate'):
             command = ['-l', str(line + 1), '-c', str(column + 1)]
         elif config.editor.startswith(('gedit', 'emacs')):
-            command = ['+{}'.format(line + 1)]  # columns seem unsupported
+            command = [f'+{line + 1}']  # columns seem unsupported
         elif config.editor.startswith('jedit'):
-            command = ['+line:{}'.format(line + 1)]  # columns seem unsupported
+            command = [f'+line:{line + 1}']  # columns seem unsupported
         elif config.editor.startswith('vim'):
-            command = ['+{}'.format(line + 1)]  # columns seem unsupported
+            command = [f'+{line + 1}']  # columns seem unsupported
         elif config.editor.startswith('nano'):
-            command = ['+{},{}'.format(line + 1, column + 1)]
+            command = [f'+{line + 1},{column + 1}']
         # Windows editors
         elif config.editor.lower().endswith('notepad++.exe'):
-            command = ['-n{}'.format(line + 1)]  # seems not to support columns
+            command = [f'-n{line + 1}']  # seems not to support columns
         else:
             command = []
# See T102465 for problems relating to using config.editor unparsed.
         command = [config.editor] + command + [file_name]
-        pywikibot.log('Running editor: {}'.format(TextEditor._concat(command)))
+        pywikibot.log(f'Running editor: {TextEditor._concat(command)}')
         return command
@staticmethod
     def _concat(command: Sequence[str]) -> str:
-        return ' '.join('{!r}'.format(part) if ' ' in part else part
+        return ' '.join(f'{part!r}' if ' ' in part else part
                         for part in command)
def edit(self, text: str, jumpIndex: Optional[int] = None,
diff --git a/pywikibot/exceptions.py b/pywikibot/exceptions.py
index 5f03b42..654e579 100644
--- a/pywikibot/exceptions.py
+++ b/pywikibot/exceptions.py
@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@
                 self.code,
                 self.info,
                 ';\n '.join(
-                    '{}: {}'.format(key, val)
+                    f'{key}: {val}'
                     for key, val in self.other.items()))
-        return '{}: {}'.format(self.code, self.info)
+        return f'{self.code}: {self.info}'
class APIMWError(APIError):
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@
         :param actual: title obtained by query
"""
-        self.message = "Query on {{}} returned data on '{}'".format(actual)
+        self.message = f"Query on {{}} returned data on '{actual}'"
         super().__init__(page)
diff --git a/pywikibot/family.py b/pywikibot/family.py
index 927888a..de40fbe 100644
--- a/pywikibot/family.py
+++ b/pywikibot/family.py
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@
                 Family._families[fam] = myfamily
                 return Family._families[fam]
         else:
-            raise UnknownFamilyError('Family {} does not exist'.format(fam))
+            raise UnknownFamilyError(f'Family {fam} does not exist')
try:
             # Ignore warnings due to dots in family names.
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
                 sys.path.append(dirname(family_file))
                 mod = import_module(splitext(basename(family_file))[0])
         except ImportError:
-            raise UnknownFamilyError('Family {} does not exist'.format(fam))
+            raise UnknownFamilyError(f'Family {fam} does not exist')
         cls = mod.Family.instance
         if cls.name != fam:
             warnings.warn('Family name {} does not match family module name {}'
@@ -561,19 +561,19 @@
         protocol, host = self._hostname(code, protocol)
         if protocol == 'https':
             uri = self.ssl_pathprefix(code) + uri
-        return urlparse.urljoin('{}://{}'.format(protocol, host), uri)
+        return urlparse.urljoin(f'{protocol}://{host}', uri)
def path(self, code) -> str:
         """Return path to index.php."""
-        return '{}/index.php'.format(self.scriptpath(code))
+        return f'{self.scriptpath(code)}/index.php'
def querypath(self, code) -> str:
         """Return path to query.php."""
-        return '{}/query.php'.format(self.scriptpath(code))
+        return f'{self.scriptpath(code)}/query.php'
def apipath(self, code) -> str:
         """Return path to api.php."""
-        return '{}/api.php'.format(self.scriptpath(code))
+        return f'{self.scriptpath(code)}/api.php'
def eventstreams_host(self, code):
         """Hostname for EventStreams.
@@ -591,7 +591,7 @@
def get_address(self, code, title) -> str:
         """Return the path to title using index.php with redirects disabled."""
-        return '{}?title={}&redirect=no'.format(self.path(code), title)
+        return f'{self.path(code)}?title={title}&redirect=no'
def interface(self, code) -> str:
         """Return interface to use for code."""
@@ -653,7 +653,7 @@
                 # Use the code and family instead of the url
                 # This is only creating a Site instance if domain matches
                 site = pywikibot.Site(code, self.name)
-                pywikibot.log('Found candidate {}'.format(site))
+                pywikibot.log(f'Found candidate {site}')
for iw_url in site._interwiki_urls():
                     iw_url, *_ = iw_url.partition('{}')
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@
def dbName(self, code) -> str:
         """Return the name of the MySQL database."""
-        return '{}{}'.format(code, self.name)
+        return f'{code}{self.name}'
def encoding(self, code) -> str:
         """Return the encoding for a specific language wiki."""
@@ -710,7 +710,7 @@
         return self.name
def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return 'Family("{}")'.format(self.name)
+        return f'Family("{self.name}")'
def shared_image_repository(self, code):
         """Return the shared image repository, if any."""
@@ -825,11 +825,11 @@
             codes += cls.closed_wikis
# shortcut this classproperty
-        cls.langs = {code: '{}.{}'.format(code, cls.domain)
+        cls.langs = {code: f'{code}.{cls.domain}'
                      for code in codes}
if hasattr(cls, 'code_aliases'):
-            cls.langs.update({alias: '{}.{}'.format(code, cls.domain)
+            cls.langs.update({alias: f'{code}.{cls.domain}'
                               for alias, code in cls.code_aliases.items()})
return cls.langs
@@ -978,7 +978,7 @@
             return 'wikimedia.org'
raise NotImplementedError(
-            "Family {} needs to define property 'domain'".format(cls.name))
+            f"Family {cls.name} needs to define property 'domain'")
@classproperty
     def interwiki_removals(cls):
@@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@
     @classproperty
     def domain(cls) -> str:
         """Return the parents domain with a subdomain prefix."""
-        return '{}.wikimedia.org'.format(cls.name)
+        return f'{cls.name}.wikimedia.org'
def AutoFamily(name: str, url: str) -> SingleSiteFamily:
diff --git a/pywikibot/i18n.py b/pywikibot/i18n.py
index 7b2cb93..418a029 100644
--- a/pywikibot/i18n.py
+++ b/pywikibot/i18n.py
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@
.. versionadded:: 7.0
     """
-    filename = '{}/{}.json'.format(dirname, lang)
+    filename = f'{dirname}/{lang}.json'
     try:
         data = pkgutil.get_data(_messages_package_name, filename)
         assert data is not None
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@
         return plural_entries[index]
assert isinstance(parameters, Mapping), \
-        'parameters is not Mapping but {}'.format(type(parameters))
+        f'parameters is not Mapping but {type(parameters)}'
rule = plural_rule(lang)
@@ -750,7 +750,7 @@
             'No {} translation has been defined for TranslateWiki key "{}". '
             'It can happen due to lack of i18n submodule or files or an '
             'outdated submodule. See {}/i18n'
-            .format('English' if 'en' in langs else "'{}'".format(lang),
+            .format('English' if 'en' in langs else f"'{lang}'",
                     twtitle, __url__)))
if '{{PLURAL:' in trans:
diff --git a/pywikibot/interwiki_graph.py b/pywikibot/interwiki_graph.py
index cf5c5d3..209d4f2 100644
--- a/pywikibot/interwiki_graph.py
+++ b/pywikibot/interwiki_graph.py
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
         :raises ImportError if pydot is not installed
         """
         if PYDOT_ERROR:
-            msg = 'pydot is not installed: {}.'.format(PYDOT_ERROR)
+            msg = f'pydot is not installed: {PYDOT_ERROR}.'
             raise ImportError(msg)
         self.graph = None  # type: Optional[pydot.Dot]
         self.subject = subject
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@
     @staticmethod
     def getLabel(page: 'pywikibot.page.Page') -> str:
         """Get label for page."""
-        return '"{}:{}"'.format(page.site.code, page.title())
+        return f'"{page.site.code}:{page.title()}"'
def _octagon_site_set(self) -> Set['pywikibot.site.BaseSite']:
         """Build a list of sites with more than one valid page."""
@@ -227,5 +227,5 @@
                          page.site.code,
                          page.title(as_filename=True)))
     if extension:
-        filename += '.{}'.format(extension)
+        filename += f'.{extension}'
     return filename
diff --git a/pywikibot/logentries.py b/pywikibot/logentries.py
index 433ffd5..b295cbc 100644
--- a/pywikibot/logentries.py
+++ b/pywikibot/logentries.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
It also logs debugging information when a key is missing.
         """
-        pywikibot.debug('API log entry received:\n{!r}'.format(self))
+        pywikibot.debug(f'API log entry received:\n{self!r}')
         hidden = {
             'actionhidden': [
                 'action', 'logpage', 'ns', 'pageid', 'params', 'title',
@@ -373,7 +373,7 @@
         :raise KeyError: logtype is not valid
         """
         if logtype not in self._site.logtypes:
-            raise KeyError('{} is not a valid logtype'.format(logtype))
+            raise KeyError(f'{logtype} is not a valid logtype')
return LogEntryFactory.get_entry_class(logtype)
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@
         try:
             logtype = logdata['type']
         except KeyError:
-            pywikibot.debug('API log entry received:\n{}'.format(logdata))
+            pywikibot.debug(f'API log entry received:\n{logdata}')
             raise Error("Log entry has no 'type' key")
return LogEntryFactory.get_entry_class(logtype)(logdata, self._site)
diff --git a/pywikibot/logging.py b/pywikibot/logging.py
index e6162c2..0955418 100644
--- a/pywikibot/logging.py
+++ b/pywikibot/logging.py
@@ -117,8 +117,8 @@
     for i, arg in enumerate(args):
         key = keys[i]
         issue_deprecation_warning(
-            'Positional argument {} ({})'.format(i + 1, arg),
-            'keyword argument "{}={}"'.format(key, arg),
+            f'Positional argument {i + 1} ({arg})',
+            f'keyword argument "{key}={arg}"',
             since='7.2.0')
         if key in kwargs:
             warning('{!r} is given as keyword argument {!r} already; ignoring '
@@ -330,6 +330,6 @@
         exc_type, value, _tb = sys.exc_info()
         msg = str(value)
         if not exc_info:
-            msg += ' ({})'.format(exc_type.__name__)
+            msg += f' ({exc_type.__name__})'
     assert msg is not None
     error(msg, *args, exc_info=exc_info, **kwargs)
diff --git a/pywikibot/login.py b/pywikibot/login.py
index 0cac48c..0581b8b 100644
--- a/pywikibot/login.py
+++ b/pywikibot/login.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Return internal representation."""
-        return 'LoginStatus({})'.format(self)
+        return f'LoginStatus({self})'
class LoginManager:
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
                 entry = None
if not isinstance(entry, tuple):
-                warn('Invalid tuple in line {}'.format(line_nr),
+                warn(f'Invalid tuple in line {line_nr}',
                      _PasswordFileWarning)
                 continue
@@ -292,12 +292,12 @@
             self.login_to_site()
         except APIError as e:
             error_code = e.code
-            pywikibot.error('Login failed ({}).'.format(error_code))
+            pywikibot.error(f'Login failed ({error_code}).')
             if error_code in self._api_error:
                 error_msg = 'Username "{}" {} on {}'.format(
                     self.login_name, self._api_error[error_code], self.site)
                 if error_code in ('Failed', 'FAIL'):
-                    error_msg += '\n.{}'.format(e.info)
+                    error_msg += f'\n.{e.info}'
                 raise NoUsernameError(error_msg)
# TODO: investigate other unhandled API codes (bug T75539)
@@ -341,7 +341,7 @@
:param user: username (without suffix)
         """
-        return '{}@{}'.format(username, self.suffix)
+        return f'{username}@{self.suffix}'
class OauthLoginManager(LoginManager):
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@
         :raises ImportError: mwoauth isn't installed
         """
         if isinstance(mwoauth, ImportError):
-            raise ImportError('mwoauth is not installed: {}.'.format(mwoauth))
+            raise ImportError(f'mwoauth is not installed: {mwoauth}.')
         assert password is not None and user is not None
         super().__init__(password=None, site=site, user=None)
         if self.password:
diff --git a/pywikibot/page/_collections.py b/pywikibot/page/_collections.py
index 14cc42d..2826fa9 100644
--- a/pywikibot/page/_collections.py
+++ b/pywikibot/page/_collections.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
         return key in self._data
def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return '{}({})'.format(type(self), self._data)
+        return f'{type(self)}({self._data})'
@staticmethod
     def normalizeKey(key) -> str:
@@ -239,7 +239,7 @@
         return key in self._data
def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return '{}({})'.format(type(self), self._data)
+        return f'{type(self)}({self._data})'
@classmethod
     def normalizeData(cls, data) -> dict:
diff --git a/pywikibot/page/_decorators.py b/pywikibot/page/_decorators.py
index bf6722b..ad3a32a 100644
--- a/pywikibot/page/_decorators.py
+++ b/pywikibot/page/_decorators.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@
             if do_async:
                 pywikibot.error('page {} not saved due to {}\n'
                                 .format(link, err))
-            pywikibot.log('Error saving page {} ({})\n'.format(link, err),
+            pywikibot.log(f'Error saving page {link} ({err})\n',
                           exc_info=True)
             if not callback and not do_async:
                 if isinstance(err, PageSaveRelatedError):
diff --git a/pywikibot/page/_links.py b/pywikibot/page/_links.py
index e814093..6b6a806 100644
--- a/pywikibot/page/_links.py
+++ b/pywikibot/page/_links.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
         assert isinstance(self._items, tuple)
         assert all(isinstance(item, str) for item in self._items)
-        attrs = ('{!r}'.format(getattr(self, attr)) for attr in self._items)
+        attrs = (f'{getattr(self, attr)!r}' for attr in self._items)
         return 'pywikibot.page.{}({})'.format(type(self).__name__,
                                               ', '.join(attrs))
@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@
                     .format(self.namespace, onsite))
if self.namespace != Namespace.MAIN:
-            return '{}:{}'.format(name, self.title)
+            return f'{name}:{self.title}'
         return self.title
def astext(self, onsite=None) -> str:
@@ -182,14 +182,14 @@
         if self.namespace != Namespace.MAIN:
             title = onsite.namespace(self.namespace) + ':' + title
         if onsite == self.site:
-            return '[[{}]]'.format(title)
+            return f'[[{title}]]'
         if onsite.family == self.site.family:
-            return '[[{}:{}]]'.format(self.site.code, title)
+            return f'[[{self.site.code}:{title}]]'
         if self.site.family.name == self.site.code:
             # use this form for sites like commons, where the
             # code is the same as the family name
-            return '[[{}:{}]]'.format(self.site.code, title)
-        return '[[{}:{}]]'.format(self.site.sitename, title)
+            return f'[[{self.site.code}:{title}]]'
+        return f'[[{self.site.sitename}:{title}]]'
def _cmpkey(self):
         """
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@
             if ns:
                 if len(self._text) <= colon_position:
                     raise InvalidTitleError(
-                        "'{}' has no title.".format(self._text))
+                        f"'{self._text}' has no title.")
                 self._namespace = ns
                 ns_prefix = True
                 old_position = colon_position
@@ -438,7 +438,7 @@
             # 'namespace:' is not a valid title
             if not t:
                 raise InvalidTitleError(
-                    "'{}' has no title.".format(self._text))
+                    f"'{self._text}' has no title.")
if ':' in t and self._namespace >= 0:  # < 0 don't have talk
                 other_ns = self._site.namespaces[self._namespace - 1
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@
                                     .format(self._text))
if self._namespace != -1 and len(t) > 255:
-            raise InvalidTitleError("(over 255 bytes): '{}'".format(t))
+            raise InvalidTitleError(f"(over 255 bytes): '{t}'")
# "empty" local links can only be self-links
         # with a fragment identifier.
diff --git a/pywikibot/page/_pages.py b/pywikibot/page/_pages.py
index 5a871bc..94f2434 100644
--- a/pywikibot/page/_pages.py
+++ b/pywikibot/page/_pages.py
@@ -279,14 +279,14 @@
                 else:
                     # use this form for sites like commons, where the
                     # code is the same as the family name
-                    title = '{}:{}'.format(self.site.code, title)
+                    title = f'{self.site.code}:{title}'
             elif textlink and (self.is_filepage() or self.is_categorypage()):
-                title = ':{}'.format(title)
+                title = f':{title}'
             elif self.namespace() == 0 and not section:
                 with_ns = True
             if with_ns:
-                return '[[{}{}]]'.format(title, section)
-            return '[[{}{}|{}]]'.format(title, section, label)
+                return f'[[{title}{section}]]'
+            return f'[[{title}{section}|{label}]]'
         if not with_ns and self.namespace() != 0:
             title = label + section
         else:
@@ -329,7 +329,7 @@
def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Return a more complete string representation."""
-        return '{}({!r})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self.title())
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self.title()!r})'
def _cmpkey(self):
         """
@@ -837,7 +837,7 @@
         title = self.title(with_ns=False)
         new_ns = ns + (1, -1)[self.isTalkPage()]
         return Page(self.site,
-                    '{}:{}'.format(self.site.namespace(new_ns), title))
+                    f'{self.site.namespace(new_ns)}:{title}')
def is_categorypage(self):
         """Return True if the page is a Category, False otherwise."""
@@ -1262,10 +1262,10 @@
                                   watch=watch, bot=botflag, **kwargs)
         if not done:
             if not quiet:
-                pywikibot.warning('Page {} not saved'.format(link))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'Page {link} not saved')
             raise PageSaveRelatedError(self)
         if not quiet:
-            pywikibot.output('Page {} saved'.format(link))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Page {link} saved')
def _cosmetic_changes_hook(self, summary: str) -> str:
         """The cosmetic changes hook.
@@ -1435,8 +1435,8 @@
         for i, arg in enumerate(args):  # pragma: no cover
             key = keys[i]
             issue_deprecation_warning(
-                'Positional argument {} ({})'.format(i + 1, arg),
-                'keyword argument "{}={}"'.format(key, arg),
+                f'Positional argument {i + 1} ({arg})',
+                f'keyword argument "{key}={arg}"',
                 since='7.0.0')
             if key in kwargs:
                 pywikibot.warning('{!r} is given as keyword argument {!r} '
@@ -1845,7 +1845,7 @@
             -1       page was marked for deletion
         """
         if reason is None:
-            pywikibot.output('Deleting {}.'.format(self.title(as_link=True)))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Deleting {self.title(as_link=True)}.')
             reason = pywikibot.input('Please enter a reason for the deletion:')
# If user has 'delete' right, delete the page
@@ -1988,7 +1988,7 @@
         if reason is None:
             warn('Not passing a reason for undelete() is deprecated.',
                  DeprecationWarning)
-            pywikibot.output('Undeleting {}.'.format(self.title(as_link=True)))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Undeleting {self.title(as_link=True)}.')
             reason = pywikibot.input(
                 'Please enter a reason for the undeletion:')
         self.site.undelete(self, reason, revision=undelete_revs)
@@ -2155,7 +2155,7 @@
             if not with_protocol:
                 return re.sub(PROTOCOL_REGEX, '', link)
         elif with_protocol:
-            return '{}://{}'.format(wiki.protocol(), link)
+            return f'{wiki.protocol()}://{link}'
         return link
@@ -2300,7 +2300,7 @@
target_link = target_page.title(as_link=True, textlink=True,
                                         allow_interwiki=False)
-        target_link = '#{} {}'.format(self.site.redirect(), target_link)
+        target_link = f'#{self.site.redirect()} {target_link}'
         self.text = prefix + target_link + suffix
         if save:
             self.save(**kwargs)
@@ -2335,7 +2335,7 @@
if not self.site.has_data_repository:
             raise UnknownExtensionError(
-                'Wikibase is not implemented for {}.'.format(self.site))
+                f'Wikibase is not implemented for {self.site}.')
def get_item_page(func, *args):
             try:
@@ -2384,7 +2384,7 @@
             title_with_sort_key = self.title(with_section=False) + '|' + key
         else:
             title_with_sort_key = self.title(with_section=False)
-        return '[[{}]]'.format(title_with_sort_key)
+        return f'[[{title_with_sort_key}]]'
def subcategories(self,
                       recurse: Union[int, bool] = False,
diff --git a/pywikibot/page/_revision.py b/pywikibot/page/_revision.py
index 2aef3c5..e1ce8d4 100644
--- a/pywikibot/page/_revision.py
+++ b/pywikibot/page/_revision.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """String representation of Revision."""
-        return '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, self._data)
+        return f'{self.__class__.__name__}({self._data})'
def __str__(self) -> str:
         """Printable representation of Revision data."""
diff --git a/pywikibot/page/_wikibase.py b/pywikibot/page/_wikibase.py
index 2418cd8..1e647a9 100644
--- a/pywikibot/page/_wikibase.py
+++ b/pywikibot/page/_wikibase.py
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@
         entity_id = self.getID()
         if entity_id == '-1':
             raise NoWikibaseEntityError(self)
-        return '{}{}'.format(self.repo.concept_base_uri, entity_id)
+        return f'{self.repo.concept_base_uri}{entity_id}'
class MediaInfo(WikibaseEntity):
@@ -365,7 +365,7 @@
page = result.pop()
             if page.namespace() != page.site.namespaces.FILE:
-                raise Error('Page with id "{}" is not a file'.format(page_id))
+                raise Error(f'Page with id "{page_id}" is not a file')
self._file = FilePage(page)
@@ -962,7 +962,7 @@
             item.
         """
         if not isinstance(site, DataSite):
-            raise TypeError('{} is not a data repository.'.format(site))
+            raise TypeError(f'{site} is not a data repository.')
base_uri, _, qid = uri.rpartition('/')
         if base_uri != site.concept_base_uri.rstrip('/'):
@@ -1533,7 +1533,7 @@
                     claim.type, lambda value, site: value)(value, site)
             else:
                 pywikibot.warning(
-                    '{} datatype is not supported yet.'.format(claim.type))
+                    f'{claim.type} datatype is not supported yet.')
                 claim.target = pywikibot.WbUnknown.fromWikibase(value)
         if 'rank' in data:  # References/Qualifiers don't have ranks
             claim.rank = data['rank']
@@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@
             value = self.getTarget().toWikibase()
         else:  # WbUnknown
             pywikibot.warning(
-                '{} datatype is not supported yet.'.format(self.type))
+                f'{self.type} datatype is not supported yet.')
             value = self.getTarget().toWikibase()
         return value
diff --git a/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_factory.py b/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_factory.py
index 61ca0d3..a67280a 100644
--- a/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_factory.py
+++ b/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_factory.py
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@
     WikibaseSearchItemPageGenerator,
     WikidataSPARQLPageGenerator,
 )
-from pywikibot.tools.itertools import filter_unique, intersect_generators
 from pywikibot.tools.collections import DequeGenerator
+from pywikibot.tools.itertools import filter_unique, intersect_generators
HANDLER_RETURN_TYPE = Union[None, bool, Iterable['pywikibot.page.BasePage']]
@@ -388,7 +388,7 @@
             assert total is None or total > 0
         except ValueError as err:
             pywikibot.error(
-                '{}. Start parameter has wrong format!'.format(err))
+                f'{err}. Start parameter has wrong format!')
             return None
         except AssertionError:
             pywikibot.error('Total number of log ({}) events must be a '
@@ -399,7 +399,7 @@
             end = pywikibot.Timestamp.fromtimestampformat(end)
         except ValueError as err:
             pywikibot.error(
-                '{}. End parameter has wrong format!'.format(err))
+                f'{err}. End parameter has wrong format!')
             return None
         except TypeError:  # end is None
             pass
@@ -443,9 +443,9 @@
             _2i = 2 * _i
             txt = 'Available categories of lint errors:\n'
             for prio, _list in cats.items():
-                txt += '{indent}{prio}\n'.format(indent=_i, prio=prio)
+                txt += f'{_i}{prio}\n'
                 txt += ''.join(
-                    '{indent}{cat}\n'.format(indent=_2i, cat=c) for c in _list)
+                    f'{_2i}{c}\n' for c in _list)
             pywikibot.output(txt)
if cat == 'show':  # Display categories of lint errors.
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@
         else:
             lint_cats = cat.split(',')
             assert set(lint_cats) <= set(valid_cats), \
-                'Invalid category of lint errors: {}'.format(cat)
+                f'Invalid category of lint errors: {cat}'
return self.site.linter_pages(
             lint_categories='|'.join(lint_cats), namespaces=self.namespaces,
@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@
         params = value.split(',')
         if params[0] not in self.site.logtypes:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                'Invalid -logevents parameter "{}"'.format(params[0]))
+                f'Invalid -logevents parameter "{params[0]}"')
         return self._parse_log_events(*params)
def handle_args(self, args: Iterable[str]) -> List[str]:
diff --git a/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_filters.py b/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_filters.py
index bf12b34..909d311 100644
--- a/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_filters.py
+++ b/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_filters.py
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@
             continue
if config.verbose_output:
-            pywikibot.output('Ignoring page {}'.format(page.title()))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Ignoring page {page.title()}')
def RedirectFilterPageGenerator(generator: Iterable['pywikibot.page.Page'],
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@
         if bool(contribs[username]) is not bool(skip):  # xor operation
             yield page
         elif show_filtered:
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping {}'.format(page.title(as_link=True)))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping {page.title(as_link=True)}')
def WikibaseItemFilterPageGenerator(generator: Iterable['pywikibot.page.Page'],
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@
     :return: Wrapped generator
     """
     why = "doesn't" if has_item else 'has'
-    msg = '{{page}} {why} a wikidata item. Skipping.'.format(why=why)
+    msg = f'{{page}} {why} a wikidata item. Skipping.'
for page in generator or []:
         try:
diff --git a/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_generators.py b/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_generators.py
index 9ea56df..78996d2 100644
--- a/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_generators.py
+++ b/pywikibot/pagegenerators/_generators.py
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@
            changed from iterator method to generator property
         """
         # restrict query to local site
-        local_query = '{} site:{}'.format(self.query, self.site.hostname())
+        local_query = f'{self.query} site:{self.site.hostname()}'
         base = 'http://%7B%7D%7B%7D%27.format(self.site.hostname(),
                                     self.site.articlepath)
         pattern = base.replace('{}', '(.+)')
@@ -984,10 +984,10 @@
     """
     if site is None:
         site = pywikibot.Site()
-    pywikibot.output('Starting with year {}'.format(start))
+    pywikibot.output(f'Starting with year {start}')
     for i in range(start, end + 1):
         if i % 100 == 0:
-            pywikibot.output('Preparing {}...'.format(i))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Preparing {i}...')
         # There is no year 0
         if i != 0:
             current_year = date.formatYear(site.lang, i)
@@ -1007,7 +1007,7 @@
         site = pywikibot.Site()
     lang = site.lang
     first_page = pywikibot.Page(site, date.format_date(start_month, 1, lang))
-    pywikibot.output('Starting with {}'.format(first_page.title(as_link=True)))
+    pywikibot.output(f'Starting with {first_page.title(as_link=True)}')
     for month in range(start_month, end_month + 1):
         for day in range(1, calendar.monthrange(year, month)[1] + 1):
             yield pywikibot.Page(
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@
if namespaces:
             for namespace in namespaces:
-                query['ns[{}]'.format(int(namespace))] = 1
+                query[f'ns[{int(namespace)}]'] = 1
query_final = query.copy()
         query_final.update(extra_options)
@@ -1182,12 +1182,12 @@
         try:
             req = http.fetch(url, params=self.opts)
         except ReadTimeout:
-            raise ServerError('received ReadTimeout from {}'.format(url))
+            raise ServerError(f'received ReadTimeout from {url}')
server_err = HTTPStatus.INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
         if server_err <= req.status_code < server_err + 100:
             raise ServerError(
-                'received {} status from {}'.format(req.status_code, req.url))
+                f'received {req.status_code} status from {req.url}')
data = req.json()
         if 'error' in data:
diff --git a/pywikibot/proofreadpage.py b/pywikibot/proofreadpage.py
index 6004a73..8c8432a 100644
--- a/pywikibot/proofreadpage.py
+++ b/pywikibot/proofreadpage.py
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@
index_page, others = self._index
         if others:
-            pywikibot.warning('{} linked to several Index pages.'.format(self))
+            pywikibot.warning(f'{self} linked to several Index pages.')
             pywikibot.output('{}{!s}'.format(' ' * 9, [index_page] + others))
if index_page:
@@ -493,7 +493,7 @@
         """
         def _assert_len(len_oq: int, len_cq: int, title: str) -> None:
             if (len_oq != len_cq) or (len_oq < 2 or len_cq < 2):
-                raise Error('ProofreadPage {}: invalid format'.format(title))
+                raise Error(f'ProofreadPage {title}: invalid format')
# Property force page text loading.
         text = self.text
@@ -559,7 +559,7 @@
         The edit summary shall be appended to pre_summary to highlight
         Status in the edit summary on wiki.
         """
-        return '/* {0.status} */ '.format(self)
+        return f'/* {self.status} */ '
@property
     @cached
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@
         try:
             response = http.fetch(url, charset='utf-8')
         except Exception:
-            pywikibot.error('Error fetching HTML for {}.'.format(self))
+            pywikibot.error(f'Error fetching HTML for {self}.')
             raise
soup = _bs4_soup(response.text)  # type: ignore
@@ -628,32 +628,32 @@
# wrong link fail with Exceptions
         for retry in range(5, 30, 5):
-            pywikibot.debug('{}: get URI {!r}'.format(ocr_tool, cmd_uri))
+            pywikibot.debug(f'{ocr_tool}: get URI {cmd_uri!r}')
             try:
                 response = http.fetch(cmd_uri)
             except ReadTimeout as e:
-                pywikibot.warning('ReadTimeout {}: {}'.format(cmd_uri, e))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'ReadTimeout {cmd_uri}: {e}')
             except Exception as e:
-                pywikibot.error('"{}": {}'.format(cmd_uri, e))
+                pywikibot.error(f'"{cmd_uri}": {e}')
                 return True, e
             else:
-                pywikibot.debug('{}: {}'.format(ocr_tool, response.text))
+                pywikibot.debug(f'{ocr_tool}: {response.text}')
                 break
-            pywikibot.warning('retrying in {} seconds ...'.format(retry))
+            pywikibot.warning(f'retrying in {retry} seconds ...')
             time.sleep(retry)
         else:
             return True, ReadTimeout('ReadTimeout: Could not perform OCR')
if HTTPStatus.BAD_REQUEST <= response.status_code < 600:
-            return True, 'Http response status {}'.format(response.status_code)
+            return True, f'Http response status {response.status_code}'
data = response.json()
if ocr_tool == self._PHETOOLS:  # phetools
-            assert 'error' in data, 'Error from phetools: {}'.format(data)
+            assert 'error' in data, f'Error from phetools: {data}'
             assert data['error'] in [0, 1, 2, 3], \
-                'Error from phetools: {}'.format(data)
+                f'Error from phetools: {data}'
             error, _text = bool(data['error']), data['text']
         else:  # googleOCR
             if 'error' in data:
@@ -662,7 +662,7 @@
                 error, _text = False, data['text']
if error:
-            pywikibot.error('OCR query {}: {}'.format(cmd_uri, _text))
+            pywikibot.error(f'OCR query {cmd_uri}: {_text}')
             return error, _text
         return error, parser_func(_text)
@@ -704,7 +704,7 @@
         try:
             url_image = self.url_image
         except ValueError:
-            error_text = 'No prp-page-image src found for {}.'.format(self)
+            error_text = f'No prp-page-image src found for {self}.'
             pywikibot.error(error_text)
             return True, error_text
@@ -765,7 +765,7 @@
         if not error and isinstance(text, str):
             return text
         raise ValueError(
-            '{}: not possible to perform OCR. {}'.format(self, text))
+            f'{self}: not possible to perform OCR. {text}')
class PurgeRequest(Request):
@@ -919,7 +919,7 @@
         params = {'action': 'purge', 'titles': [self.title()]}
         request = PurgeRequest(site=self.site, parameters=params)
         rawdata = request.submit()
-        error_message = 'Purge action failed for {}'.format(self)
+        error_message = f'Purge action failed for {self}'
         assert 'purge' in rawdata, error_message
         assert 'purged' in rawdata['purge'][0], error_message
@@ -1081,7 +1081,7 @@
         try:
             return self._labels_from_page[page]
         except KeyError:
-            raise KeyError('Invalid Page: {}.'.format(page))
+            raise KeyError(f'Invalid Page: {page}.')
@check_if_cached
     def get_label_from_page_number(self, page_number: int) -> str:
@@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@
         try:
             return mapping_dict[label]
         except KeyError:
-            raise KeyError('No page has label: "{}".'.format(label))
+            raise KeyError(f'No page has label: "{label}".')
@check_if_cached
     def get_page_number_from_label(self, label: str = '1') -> str:
@@ -1138,7 +1138,7 @@
         try:
             return self._page_from_numbers[page_number]
         except KeyError:
-            raise KeyError('Invalid page number: {}.'.format(page_number))
+            raise KeyError(f'Invalid page number: {page_number}.')
@check_if_cached
     def pages(self) -> List['pywikibot.page.Page']:
@@ -1155,4 +1155,4 @@
         try:
             return self._numbers_from_page[page]
         except KeyError:
-            raise KeyError('Invalid page: {}.'.format(page))
+            raise KeyError(f'Invalid page: {page}.')
diff --git a/pywikibot/scripts/generate_family_file.py b/pywikibot/scripts/generate_family_file.py
index e545c89..e79a650 100755
--- a/pywikibot/scripts/generate_family_file.py
+++ b/pywikibot/scripts/generate_family_file.py
@@ -35,9 +35,9 @@
 import os
 import string
 import sys
+from contextlib import suppress
 from typing import Optional
 from urllib.parse import urlparse
-from contextlib import suppress
# see pywikibot.family.py
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
         print('Loading wikis... ')
         for lang in self.langs:
             key = lang['prefix']
-            print('  * {}... '.format(key), end='')
+            print(f'  * {key}... ', end='')
             if key not in self.wikis:
                 try:
                     self.wikis[key] = self.Wiki(lang['url'])
@@ -214,8 +214,8 @@
     def writefile(self, verify) -> None:
         """Write the family file."""
         fn = os.path.join(self.base_dir, 'families',
-                          '{}_family.py'.format(self.name))
-        print('Writing {}... '.format(fn))
+                          f'{self.name}_family.py')
+        print(f'Writing {fn}... ')
if os.path.exists(fn) and input('{} already exists. Overwrite? (y/n)'
                                         .format(fn)).lower() == 'n':
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@
             ) for k, w in self.wikis.items())
code_path_pairs = '\n            '.join(
-            "'{code}': '{path}',".format(code=k, path=w.scriptpath)
+            f"'{k}': '{w.scriptpath}',"
             for k, w in self.wikis.items())
code_protocol_pairs = '\n            '.join(
diff --git a/pywikibot/scripts/generate_user_files.py b/pywikibot/scripts/generate_user_files.py
index 5882a80..d88e229 100755
--- a/pywikibot/scripts/generate_user_files.py
+++ b/pywikibot/scripts/generate_user_files.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
             try:
                 os.mkdir(new_base, pywikibot.config.private_files_permission)
             except Exception as e:
-                pywikibot.error('directory creation failed: {}'.format(e))
+                pywikibot.error(f'directory creation failed: {e}')
                 continue
             pywikibot.output('Created new directory.')
         break
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@
                          .format(fam.name))
         default_lang = None
     elif len(known_langs) == 1:
-        pywikibot.output('The only known site code: {}'.format(known_langs[0]))
+        pywikibot.output(f'The only known site code: {known_langs[0]}')
         default_lang = known_langs[0]
     else:
         pywikibot.output('This is the list of known site oodes:')
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
                default=False, automatic_quit=False):
             mycode = None
-    message = 'Username on {}:{}'.format(mycode, fam.name)
+    message = f'Username on {mycode}:{fam.name}'
     username = pywikibot.input(message, default=default_username, force=force)
     # Escape ''s
     if username:
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@
             if msg:
                 pywikibot.output(msg)
             msg = None
-            message = 'BotPassword's "bot name" for {}'.format(username)
+            message = f'BotPassword's "bot name" for {username}'
             botpasswordname = pywikibot.input(message, force=force)
             message = 'BotPassword's "password" for "{}" ' \
                       '(no characters will be shown)' \
@@ -344,10 +344,10 @@
                 main_code=main_code,
                 usernames=usernames,
                 config_text=config_text,
-                botpasswords='password_file = ' + ('"{}"'.format(PASS_BASENAME)
+                botpasswords='password_file = ' + (f'"{PASS_BASENAME}"'
                                                    if botpasswords
                                                    else 'None')))
-        pywikibot.output("'{}' written.".format(_fnc))
+        pywikibot.output(f"'{_fnc}' written.")
     except BaseException:
         if os.path.exists(_fnc):
             os.remove(_fnc)
@@ -372,7 +372,7 @@
             with codecs.open(_fncpass, 'w', 'utf-8') as f:
                 f.write(PASSFILE_CONFIG.format(botpasswords=botpasswords))
                 file_mode_checker(_fncpass, mode=0o600)
-                pywikibot.output("'{}' written.".format(_fncpass))
+                pywikibot.output(f"'{_fncpass}' written.")
         except OSError:
             os.remove(_fncpass)
             raise
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
     """
     global base_dir
-    pywikibot.output('\nYour default user directory is "{}"'.format(base_dir))
+    pywikibot.output(f'\nYour default user directory is "{base_dir}"')
     while True:
         # Show whether file exists
         userfile = file_exists(os.path.join(base_dir, USER_BASENAME))
diff --git a/pywikibot/scripts/login.py b/pywikibot/scripts/login.py
index 79f53a6..7b01376 100755
--- a/pywikibot/scripts/login.py
+++ b/pywikibot/scripts/login.py
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@
 # Distributed under the terms of the MIT license.
 #
 import datetime
-from contextlib import suppress
 from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
+from contextlib import suppress
import pywikibot
 from pywikibot import config
@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@
def _get_consumer_token(site) -> Tuple[str, str]:
-    key_msg = 'OAuth consumer key on {}:{}'.format(site.code, site.family)
+    key_msg = f'OAuth consumer key on {site.code}:{site.family}'
     key = pywikibot.input(key_msg)
-    secret_msg = 'OAuth consumer secret for consumer {}'.format(key)
+    secret_msg = f'OAuth consumer secret for consumer {key}'
     secret = pywikibot.input(secret_msg, password=True)
     return key, secret
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@
     login_manager.login()
     identity = login_manager.identity
     if identity is None:
-        pywikibot.error('Invalid OAuth info for {site}.'.format(site=site))
+        pywikibot.error(f'Invalid OAuth info for {site}.')
     elif site.username() != identity['username']:
         pywikibot.error(
             'Logged in on {site} via OAuth as {wrong}, but expect as {right}'
@@ -117,11 +117,11 @@
user = site.user()
     if user:
-        pywikibot.info('Logged in on {} as {}.'.format(site, user))
+        pywikibot.info(f'Logged in on {site} as {user}.')
     elif logout:
-        pywikibot.info('Logged out of {}.'.format(site))
+        pywikibot.info(f'Logged out of {site}.')
     else:
-        pywikibot.info('Not logged in on {}.'.format(site))
+        pywikibot.info(f'Not logged in on {site}.')
def main(*args: str) -> None:
diff --git a/pywikibot/scripts/preload_sites.py b/pywikibot/scripts/preload_sites.py
index 1d06a27..bdf4d7e 100755
--- a/pywikibot/scripts/preload_sites.py
+++ b/pywikibot/scripts/preload_sites.py
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@
         futures = {executor.submit(preload_family, family, executor)
                    for family in families}
         wait(futures)
-    pywikibot.output('Loading time used: {}'.format(datetime.now() - start))
+    pywikibot.output(f'Loading time used: {datetime.now() - start}')
if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/pywikibot/scripts/version.py b/pywikibot/scripts/version.py
index 662be38..45b4674 100755
--- a/pywikibot/scripts/version.py
+++ b/pywikibot/scripts/version.py
@@ -97,9 +97,9 @@
     for family, usernames in pywikibot.config.usernames.items():
         if not usernames:
             continue
-        pywikibot.output('Usernames for family {!r}:'.format(family))
+        pywikibot.output(f'Usernames for family {family!r}:')
         for lang, username in usernames.items():
-            pywikibot.output('\t{}: {}'.format(lang, username))
+            pywikibot.output(f'\t{lang}: {username}')
if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_apisite.py b/pywikibot/site/_apisite.py
index a290875..d316b81 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_apisite.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_apisite.py
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
             prefixes.update(self._interwikimap.get_by_url(url))
         if not prefixes:
             raise KeyError(
-                "There is no interwiki prefix to '{}'".format(site))
+                f"There is no interwiki prefix to '{site}'")
         return sorted(prefixes, key=lambda p: (len(p), p))
def local_interwiki(self, prefix: str) -> bool:
@@ -215,7 +215,7 @@
                     if m_site['dbname'] == dbname:
                         url = m_site['url'] + '/w/index.php'
                         return pywikibot.Site(url=url)
-        raise ValueError('Cannot parse a site out of {}.'.format(dbname))
+        raise ValueError(f'Cannot parse a site out of {dbname}.')
def _generator(
         self,
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@
                 None if 'anon' in uidata['query']['userinfo'] else
                 uidata['query']['userinfo']['name'])
         return {ns for ns in self.namespaces.values() if ns.id >= 0
-                and self._useroptions['searchNs{}'.format(ns.id)]
+                and self._useroptions[f'searchNs{ns.id}']
                 in ['1', True]}
@property  # type: ignore[misc]
@@ -712,7 +712,7 @@
                              pattern)
         if letters:
             pattern += ''.join(letters.split('|'))
-        return '[{}]*'.format(pattern)
+        return f'[{pattern}]*'
@staticmethod
     def assert_valid_iter_params(
@@ -905,7 +905,7 @@
             msgs = self.mediawiki_messages(needed_mw_messages)
         except KeyError:
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                'MediaWiki messages missing: {}'.format(needed_mw_messages))
+                f'MediaWiki messages missing: {needed_mw_messages}')
args = list(args)
         concat = msgs['and'] + msgs['word-separator']
@@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@
         """
         if not self.has_data_repository:
             raise UnknownExtensionError(
-                'Wikibase is not implemented for {}.'.format(self))
+                f'Wikibase is not implemented for {self}.')
repo = self.data_repository()
         dp = pywikibot.ItemPage(repo, item)
@@ -1586,7 +1586,7 @@
         try:
             parsed_text = data['parse']['text']['*']
         except KeyError as e:
-            raise KeyError('API parse response lacks {} key'.format(e))
+            raise KeyError(f'API parse response lacks {e} key')
         return parsed_text
def getcategoryinfo(self, category: 'pywikibot.page.Category') -> None:
@@ -1847,7 +1847,7 @@
             while True:
                 try:
                     result = req.submit()
-                    pywikibot.debug('editpage response: {}'.format(result))
+                    pywikibot.debug(f'editpage response: {result}')
                 except APIError as err:
                     if err.code.endswith('anon') and self.logged_in():
                         pywikibot.debug("editpage: received '{}' even though "
@@ -2048,7 +2048,7 @@
             self.unlock_page(dest)
if 'mergehistory' not in result:
-            pywikibot.error('mergehistory: {error}'.format(error=result))
+            pywikibot.error(f'mergehistory: {result}')
             raise Error('mergehistory: unexpected response')
# catalog of move errors for use in error messages
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@
         req['from'] = oldtitle  # "from" is a python keyword
         try:
             result = req.submit()
-            pywikibot.debug('movepage response: {}'.format(result))
+            pywikibot.debug(f'movepage response: {result}')
         except APIError as err:
             if err.code.endswith('anon') and self.logged_in():
                 pywikibot.debug(
@@ -2179,7 +2179,7 @@
         finally:
             self.unlock_page(page)
         if 'move' not in result:
-            pywikibot.error('movepage: {}'.format(result))
+            pywikibot.error(f'movepage: {result}')
             raise Error('movepage: unexpected response')
         # TODO: Check for talkmove-error messages
         if 'talkmove-error-code' in result['move']:
@@ -2330,7 +2330,7 @@
         if deletetalk:
             if self.mw_version < '1.38wmf24':
                 pywikibot.warning(
-                    'deletetalk is not available on {}'.format(self.mw_version)
+                    f'deletetalk is not available on {self.mw_version}'
                 )
             else:
                 params['deletetalk'] = deletetalk
@@ -2650,7 +2650,7 @@
             result = result['purge']
         except KeyError:
             pywikibot.error(
-                'purgepages: Unexpected API response:\n{}'.format(result))
+                f'purgepages: Unexpected API response:\n{result}')
             return False
         if not all('purged' in page for page in result):
             return False
@@ -2783,8 +2783,8 @@
             raise TypeError('diff parameter is of invalid type')
params = {'action': 'compare',
-                  'from{}'.format(old_t[0]): old_t[1],
-                  'to{}'.format(diff_t[0]): diff_t[1]}
+                  f'from{old_t[0]}': old_t[1],
+                  f'to{diff_t[0]}': diff_t[1]}
req = self.simple_request(**params)
         data = req.submit()
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_datasite.py b/pywikibot/site/_datasite.py
index a13e8a1..4d870d8 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_datasite.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_datasite.py
@@ -291,7 +291,7 @@
             if arg in ['clear', 'summary']:
                 params[arg] = kwargs[arg]
             elif arg != 'baserevid':
-                warn('Unknown wbeditentity parameter {} ignored'.format(arg),
+                warn(f'Unknown wbeditentity parameter {arg} ignored',
                      UserWarning, 2)
params['data'] = json.dumps(data)
@@ -851,7 +851,7 @@
         # Supported actions
         assert action in ('wbsetaliases', 'wbsetdescription',
                           'wbsetlabel', 'wbsetsitelink'), \
-            'action {} not supported.'.format(action)
+            f'action {action} not supported.'
# prefer ID over (site, title)
         if isinstance(itemdef, str):
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_extensions.py b/pywikibot/site/_extensions.py
index 66f4d59..9ba7bf4 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_extensions.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_extensions.py
@@ -201,7 +201,7 @@
             defined for a returned entry in API response.
         """
         if not isinstance(page, pywikibot.FilePage):
-            raise TypeError('Page {} must be a FilePage.'.format(page))
+            raise TypeError(f'Page {page} must be a FilePage.')
title = page.title(with_section=False)
         args = {'titles': title,
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_generators.py b/pywikibot/site/_generators.py
index d363abc..510d4f9 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_generators.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_generators.py
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
                              .format(len(cache), self))
for pagedata in rvgen:
-                pywikibot.debug('Preloading {}'.format(pagedata))
+                pywikibot.debug(f'Preloading {pagedata}')
                 try:
                     if pagedata['title'] not in cache:
                         # API always returns a "normalized" title which is
@@ -177,9 +177,9 @@
                             continue
except KeyError:
-                    pywikibot.debug("No 'title' in {}".format(pagedata))
-                    pywikibot.debug('pageids={}'.format(pageids))
-                    pywikibot.debug('titles={}'.format(list(cache.keys())))
+                    pywikibot.debug(f"No 'title' in {pagedata}")
+                    pywikibot.debug(f'pageids={pageids}')
+                    pywikibot.debug(f'titles={list(cache.keys())}')
                     continue
priority, page = cache[pagedata['title']]
@@ -866,8 +866,8 @@
             else:
                 filterredir = None
             issue_deprecation_warning(
-                'The value "{}" for "filterredir"'.format(old),
-                '"{}"'.format(filterredir), since='7.0.0')
+                f'The value "{old}" for "filterredir"',
+                f'"{filterredir}"', since='7.0.0')
apgen = self._generator(api.PageGenerator, type_arg='allpages',
                                 namespaces=namespace,
@@ -2135,7 +2135,7 @@
         """
         if propname not in self.get_property_names():
             raise NotImplementedError(
-                '"{}" is not a valid page property'.format(propname))
+                f'"{propname}" is not a valid page property')
         return self._generator(api.PageGenerator, type_arg='pageswithprop',
                                gpwppropname=propname, total=total)
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_interwikimap.py b/pywikibot/site/_interwikimap.py
index 2f00367..9669d22 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_interwikimap.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_interwikimap.py
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@
         :raises TypeError: Site for the prefix is of wrong type
         """
         if prefix not in self._iw_sites:
-            raise KeyError("'{}' is not an interwiki prefix.".format(prefix))
+            raise KeyError(f"'{prefix}' is not an interwiki prefix.")
         if isinstance(self._iw_sites[prefix].site, pywikibot.site.BaseSite):
             return self._iw_sites[prefix]
         if isinstance(self._iw_sites[prefix].site, Exception):
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_namespace.py b/pywikibot/site/_namespace.py
index 4dd6457..dd4877e 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_namespace.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_namespace.py
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@
 from enum import IntEnum
 from typing import Optional, Union
+from pywikibot.backports import Dict
 from pywikibot.backports import Iterable as IterableType
-from pywikibot.backports import Dict, List
-from pywikibot.tools import classproperty, ComparableMixin, SelfCallMixin
+from pywikibot.backports import List
+from pywikibot.tools import ComparableMixin, SelfCallMixin, classproperty
NamespaceIDType = Union[int, str, 'Namespace']
@@ -248,7 +249,7 @@
if extra:
             kwargs = ', ' + ', '.join(
-                key + '={!r}'.format(value) for key, value in extra)
+                key + f'={value!r}' for key, value in extra)
         else:
             kwargs = ''
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_siteinfo.py b/pywikibot/site/_siteinfo.py
index b973adc..c5d0a0a 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_siteinfo.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_siteinfo.py
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@
             if e.code == 'siunknown_siprop':
                 if len(props) == 1:
                     pywikibot.log(
-                        "Unable to get siprop '{}'".format(props[0]))
+                        f"Unable to get siprop '{props[0]}'")
                     return {props[0]: (Siteinfo._get_default(props[0]), False)}
                 pywikibot.log('Unable to get siteinfo, because at least '
                               "one property is unknown: '{}'".format(
diff --git a/pywikibot/site/_upload.py b/pywikibot/site/_upload.py
index 15c286d..e6ba7da 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site/_upload.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site/_upload.py
@@ -11,11 +11,7 @@
 from warnings import warn
import pywikibot
-from pywikibot.exceptions import (
-    APIError,
-    Error,
-    UploadError,
-)
+from pywikibot.exceptions import APIError, Error, UploadError
 from pywikibot.tools import compute_file_hash
@@ -232,7 +228,7 @@
             if verify_stash:
                 # The SHA1 was also requested so calculate and compare it
                 assert 'sha1' in stash_info, \
-                    'sha1 not in stash info: {}'.format(stash_info)
+                    f'sha1 not in stash info: {stash_info}'
                 sha1 = compute_file_hash(self.filename, bytes_to_read=offset)
                 if sha1 != stash_info['sha1']:
                     raise ValueError(
@@ -471,7 +467,7 @@
                 pywikibot.debug(result)
if 'result' not in result:
-                raise Error('Upload: unrecognized response: {}'.format(result))
+                raise Error(f'Upload: unrecognized response: {result}')
if result['result'] == 'Warning':
                 assert 'warnings' in result and not ignore_all_warnings
diff --git a/pywikibot/site_detect.py b/pywikibot/site_detect.py
index 5846e38..5031518 100644
--- a/pywikibot/site_detect.py
+++ b/pywikibot/site_detect.py
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@
         check_response(r)
if fromurl != r.url:
-            pywikibot.log('{} redirected to {}'.format(fromurl, r.url))
+            pywikibot.log(f'{fromurl} redirected to {r.url}')
             fromurl = r.url
self.fromurl = fromurl
@@ -73,16 +73,16 @@
             except (ServerError, RequestException):
                 raise
             except Exception as e:
-                pywikibot.log('MW detection failed: {!r}'.format(e))
+                pywikibot.log(f'MW detection failed: {e!r}')
if not self.version:
                 self._fetch_old_version()
if not self.api:
-            raise RuntimeError('Unsupported url: {}'.format(self.fromurl))
+            raise RuntimeError(f'Unsupported url: {self.fromurl}')
if not self.version or self.version < MIN_VERSION:
-            raise RuntimeError('Unsupported version: {}'.format(self.version))
+            raise RuntimeError(f'Unsupported version: {self.version}')
if not self.articlepath:
             if self.private_wiki:
@@ -296,7 +296,7 @@
             m = re.search(r'\d{3}', err.args[0], flags=re.ASCII)
             if not m:
                 raise err
-            msg = 'Generic Server Error ({})'.format(m.group())
+            msg = f'Generic Server Error ({m.group()})'
raise ServerError(msg)
diff --git a/pywikibot/specialbots/_upload.py b/pywikibot/specialbots/_upload.py
index 0764746..3a4184b 100644
--- a/pywikibot/specialbots/_upload.py
+++ b/pywikibot/specialbots/_upload.py
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@
             file_len = path.stat().st_size
             if file_len:
                 pywikibot.output('Download resumed.')
-                headers = {'Range': 'bytes={}-'.format(file_len)}
+                headers = {'Range': f'bytes={file_len}-'}
             else:
                 headers = {}
@@ -174,12 +174,12 @@
                 break
             try:
                 dt = next(dt_gen)
-                pywikibot.output('Sleeping for {} seconds ...'.format(dt))
+                pywikibot.output(f'Sleeping for {dt} seconds ...')
                 pywikibot.sleep(dt)
             except StopIteration:
                 raise FatalServerError('Download failed, too many retries!')
-        pywikibot.output('Downloaded {} bytes'.format(path.stat().st_size))
+        pywikibot.output(f'Downloaded {path.stat().st_size} bytes')
         return tempname
def _handle_warning(self, warning: str) -> Optional[bool]:
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
             if invalid:
                 c = ''.join(invalid)
                 pywikibot.output(
-                    'Invalid character(s): {}. Please try again'.format(c))
+                    f'Invalid character(s): {c}. Please try again')
                 continue
if allowed_formats and ext not in allowed_formats:
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
         imagepage = pywikibot.FilePage(site, filename)  # normalizes filename
         imagepage.text = self.description
-        pywikibot.output('Uploading file to {}...'.format(site))
+        pywikibot.output(f'Uploading file to {site}...')
ignore_warnings = self.ignore_warning is True or self._handle_warnings
diff --git a/pywikibot/textlib.py b/pywikibot/textlib.py
index f8e1675..d4578f4 100644
--- a/pywikibot/textlib.py
+++ b/pywikibot/textlib.py
@@ -203,12 +203,12 @@
                 old = template.title(with_ns=False)
             else:
                 raise ValueError(
-                    '{} is not a template Page object'.format(template))
+                    f'{template} is not a template Page object')
         elif isinstance(template, str):
             old = template
         else:
             raise ValueError(
-                '{!r} is not a valid template'.format(template))
+                f'{template!r} is not a valid template')
pattern = case_escape(namespace.case, old)
         # namespaces may be any mixed case
@@ -237,7 +237,7 @@
        `_ignore_case` becomes a public method
     """
     return ''.join(
-        '[{}{}]'.format(c, s) if c != s else c
+        f'[{c}{s}]' if c != s else c
         for s, c in zip(string, string.swapcase()))
@@ -562,12 +562,12 @@
     def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs) -> None:
         """Add start tag to text if tag should be kept."""
         if tag in self.keeptags:
-            self.textdata += '<{}>'.format(tag)
+            self.textdata += f'<{tag}>'
def handle_endtag(self, tag) -> None:
         """Add end tag to text if tag should be kept."""
         if tag in self.keeptags:
-            self.textdata += '</{}>'.format(tag)
+            self.textdata += f'</{tag}>'
def isDisabled(text: str, index: int, tags=None) -> bool:
@@ -723,7 +723,7 @@
     link_pattern = re.compile(
         r'[[(?P<title>.*?)(#(?P<section>.*?))?(|(?P<label>.*?))?]]'
         r'(?P<linktrail>{})'.format(linktrail))
-    extended_label_pattern = re.compile(r'(.*?]])({})'.format(linktrail))
+    extended_label_pattern = re.compile(fr'(.*?]])({linktrail})')
     linktrail = re.compile(linktrail)
     curpos = 0
     # This loop will run until we have finished the current page
@@ -859,7 +859,7 @@
                     or parsed_new_label.namespace != new_link.namespace)
if must_piped:
-            new_text = '[[{}|{}]]'.format(new_title, new_label)
+            new_text = f'[[{new_title}|{new_label}]]'
         else:
             new_text = '[[{}]]{}'.format(new_label[:len(new_title)],
                                          new_label[len(new_title):])
@@ -1215,15 +1215,15 @@
             # Do we have a noinclude at the end of the template?
             parts = s2.split(includeOff)
             lastpart = parts[-1]
-            if re.match(r'\s*{}'.format(marker), lastpart):
+            if re.match(fr'\s*{marker}', lastpart):
                 # Put the langlinks back into the noinclude's
-                regexp = re.compile(r'{}\s*{}'.format(includeOff, marker))
+                regexp = re.compile(fr'{includeOff}\s*{marker}')
                 newtext = regexp.sub(s + includeOff, s2)
             else:
                 # Put the langlinks at the end, inside noinclude's
                 newtext = (s2.replace(marker, '').strip()
                            + separator
-                           + '{}\n{}{}\n'.format(includeOn, s, includeOff))
+                           + f'{includeOn}\n{s}{includeOff}\n')
         else:
             newtext = s2.replace(marker, '').strip() + separator + s
@@ -1390,7 +1390,7 @@
                          site=site)
     if marker:
         # avoid having multiple linefeeds at the end of the text
-        text = re.sub(r'\s*{}'.format(re.escape(marker)), '\n' + marker,
+        text = re.sub(fr'\s*{re.escape(marker)}', '\n' + marker,
                       text.strip())
     return text.strip()
@@ -1593,7 +1593,7 @@
             # whole word if no ":" is present
             prefix = category.split(':', 1)[0]
             if prefix not in insite.namespaces[14]:
-                category = '{}:{}'.format(insite.namespace(14), category)
+                category = f'{insite.namespace(14)}:{category}'
             category = pywikibot.Category(pywikibot.Link(category,
                                                          insite,
                                                          default_namespace=14),
@@ -1698,7 +1698,7 @@
         text = removeDisabledParts(text)
parser_name = wikitextparser.__name__
-    pywikibot.debug('Using {!r} wikitext parser'.format(parser_name))
+    pywikibot.debug(f'Using {parser_name!r} wikitext parser')
result = []
     parsed = wikitextparser.parse(text)
@@ -1783,7 +1783,7 @@
     for items in params.items():
         text += '|{}={}\n'.format(*items)
-    return '{{{{{}\n{}}}}}'.format(template, text)
+    return f'{{{{{template}\n{text}}}}}'
# --------------------------
@@ -1808,7 +1808,7 @@
     section = re.sub(r'\[\[(\?:)?', r'[[:?', re.escape(section))
     # match underscores and white spaces
     section = re.sub(r'\?[ _]', '[ _]', section)
-    m = re.search("=+[ ']*{}[ ']*=+".format(section), pagetext)
+    m = re.search(f"=+[ ']*{section}[ ']*=+", pagetext)
     return bool(m)
diff --git a/pywikibot/throttle.py b/pywikibot/throttle.py
index 1ac0cf7..42b9922 100644
--- a/pywikibot/throttle.py
+++ b/pywikibot/throttle.py
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
         """
         global pid
         mysite = self.mysite
-        pywikibot.debug('Checking multiplicity: pid = {pid}'.format(pid=pid))
+        pywikibot.debug(f'Checking multiplicity: pid = {pid}')
         with self.lock:
             processes = []
             used_pids = set()
diff --git a/pywikibot/time.py b/pywikibot/time.py
index eea240a..c129990 100644
--- a/pywikibot/time.py
+++ b/pywikibot/time.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 from pywikibot.backports import Tuple
 from pywikibot.tools import classproperty
+
 __all__ = (
     'parse_duration',
     'str2timedelta',
@@ -228,7 +229,7 @@
         :return: ISO8601 format string
         """
         assert len(sep) == 1
-        return '%Y-%m-%d{}%H:%M:%SZ'.format(sep)
+        return f'%Y-%m-%d{sep}%H:%M:%SZ'
@classmethod
     def fromISOformat(cls: Type['Timestamp'],  # noqa: N802
@@ -244,7 +245,7 @@
         # to create a clone.
         if isinstance(ts, cls):
             return ts.clone()
-        _ts = '{pre}{sep}{post}'.format(pre=ts[:10], sep=sep, post=ts[11:])
+        _ts = f'{ts[:10]}{sep}{ts[11:]}'
         return cls._from_iso8601(_ts)
@classmethod
@@ -288,7 +289,7 @@
.. versionadded: 7.5
         """
-        return '{ts:.6f}'.format(ts=self.posix_timestamp())
+        return f'{self.posix_timestamp():.6f}'
def __str__(self) -> str:
         """Return a string format recognized by the API."""
diff --git a/pywikibot/tools/__init__.py b/pywikibot/tools/__init__.py
index 5bdf198..7aae16d 100644
--- a/pywikibot/tools/__init__.py
+++ b/pywikibot/tools/__init__.py
@@ -12,7 +12,6 @@
 import stat
 import subprocess
 import sys
-
 from contextlib import suppress
 from functools import total_ordering, wraps
 from importlib import import_module
@@ -317,7 +316,7 @@
         return True
     if val in ('n', 'no', 'f', 'false', 'off', '0'):
         return False
-    raise ValueError('invalid truth value {!r}'.format(val))
+    raise ValueError(f'invalid truth value {val!r}')
def normalize_username(username) -> Optional[str]:
@@ -405,7 +404,7 @@
         version_match = MediaWikiVersion.MEDIAWIKI_VERSION.match(version_str)
if not version_match:
-            raise ValueError('Invalid version number "{}"'.format(version_str))
+            raise ValueError(f'Invalid version number "{version_str}"')
components = [int(n) for n in version_match.group(1).split('.')]
@@ -557,7 +556,7 @@
     if mode in ('r', 'a', 'w'):
         mode += 'b'
     elif mode not in ('rb', 'ab', 'wb'):
-        raise ValueError('Invalid mode: "{}"'.format(mode))
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid mode: "{mode}"')
if use_extension:
         # if '.' not in filename, it'll be 1 character long but otherwise
@@ -602,7 +601,7 @@
         if stderr != b'':
             process.stdout.close()
             raise OSError(
-                'Unexpected STDERR output from 7za {}'.format(stderr))
+                f'Unexpected STDERR output from 7za {stderr}')
         binary = process.stdout
elif extension in ('lzma', 'xz'):
diff --git a/pywikibot/tools/_deprecate.py b/pywikibot/tools/_deprecate.py
index 885dbfc..4feb1c2 100644
--- a/pywikibot/tools/_deprecate.py
+++ b/pywikibot/tools/_deprecate.py
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
         obj.__full_name__ = '{}.{}.{}'.format(obj.__module__,
                                               class_name, obj.__name__)
     else:
-        obj.__full_name__ = '{}.{}'.format(obj.__module__, obj.__name__)
+        obj.__full_name__ = f'{obj.__module__}.{obj.__name__}'
def manage_wrapping(wrapper, obj) -> None:
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@
     :param since: a version string string when the method was deprecated
     """
     if since and '.' not in since:
-        raise ValueError('{} is not a valid release number'.format(since))
+        raise ValueError(f'{since} is not a valid release number')
if instead:
         msg = '{{0}} is deprecated{since}; use {{1}} instead.'
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@
             for old_arg, new_arg in arg_pairs.items():
                 params[old_arg] = inspect.Parameter(
                     old_arg, kind=inspect._POSITIONAL_OR_KEYWORD,
-                    default='[deprecated name of {}]'.format(new_arg)
+                    default=f'[deprecated name of {new_arg}]'
                     if new_arg not in [True, False, None, '']
                     else NotImplemented)
             params = collections.OrderedDict(sorted(params.items(),
@@ -600,7 +600,7 @@
             raise ValueError('Deprecated name "{}" may not contain '
                              '".".'.format(name))
         if name in self._deprecated:
-            raise ValueError('Name "{}" is already deprecated.'.format(name))
+            raise ValueError(f'Name "{name}" is already deprecated.')
         if replacement is not None and hasattr(self._module, name):
             raise ValueError('Module has already an attribute named '
                              '"{}".'.format(name))
diff --git a/pywikibot/tools/chars.py b/pywikibot/tools/chars.py
index f33b40e..06e85ea 100644
--- a/pywikibot/tools/chars.py
+++ b/pywikibot/tools/chars.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@
             codepoint = (ord(match[0]) & mask) << 10 | (ord(match[1]) & mask)
         else:
             codepoint = ord(match)
-        return '<{:x}>'.format(codepoint)
+        return f'<{codepoint:x}>'
return INVISIBLE_REGEX.sub(replace, text)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
         if 31 < cord < 127:
             html.append(c)
         else:
-            html.append('&#{};'.format(cord))
+            html.append(f'&#{cord};')
     return ''.join(html)
diff --git a/pywikibot/tools/collections.py b/pywikibot/tools/collections.py
index af9460a..e351e55 100644
--- a/pywikibot/tools/collections.py
+++ b/pywikibot/tools/collections.py
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 # Distributed under the terms of the MIT license.
 #
 import collections
-
-from abc import abstractmethod, ABC
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
 from collections.abc import Collection, Generator, Iterator, Mapping
 from contextlib import suppress
 from itertools import chain
@@ -195,7 +194,7 @@
     def __repr__(self) -> str:
         """Provide an object representation without clearing the content."""
         items = list(self)
-        result = '{}({})'.format(self.__class__.__name__, items)
+        result = f'{self.__class__.__name__}({items})'
         self.extend(items)
         return result
diff --git a/pywikibot/tools/djvu.py b/pywikibot/tools/djvu.py
index 136d43f..39e4ae7 100644
--- a/pywikibot/tools/djvu.py
+++ b/pywikibot/tools/djvu.py
@@ -32,11 +32,11 @@
     stdoutdata, stderrdata = dp.communicate()
if dp.returncode != 0:
-        pywikibot.error('{} error; {}'.format(lib, cmd))
+        pywikibot.error(f'{lib} error; {cmd}')
         pywikibot.error(str(stderrdata))
         return (False, stdoutdata)
-    pywikibot.log('SUCCESS: {} (PID: {})'.format(cmd, dp.pid))
+    pywikibot.log(f'SUCCESS: {cmd} (PID: {dp.pid})')
return (True, stdoutdata)
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
def __str__(self) -> str:
         """Return a string representation."""
-        return "{}('{}')".format(self.__class__.__name__, self._filename)
+        return f"{self.__class__.__name__}('{self._filename}')"
def check_cache(fn):
         """Decorator to check if cache shall be cleared."""
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
         if not self.has_text(force=force):
             raise ValueError('Djvu file {} has no text layer.'
                              .format(self.file))
-        res, stdoutdata = _call_cmd(['djvutxt', '--page={}'.format(int(n)),
+        res, stdoutdata = _call_cmd(['djvutxt', f'--page={int(n)}',
                                      self.file])
         if not res:
             return False
diff --git a/pywikibot/tools/formatter.py b/pywikibot/tools/formatter.py
index 80f207b..768e6ca 100644
--- a/pywikibot/tools/formatter.py
+++ b/pywikibot/tools/formatter.py
@@ -87,12 +87,12 @@
     colors = set(terminal_interface_base.colors)
     # Dot.product of colors to create all possible combinations of foreground
     # and background colors.
-    colors |= {'{};{}'.format(c1, c2) for c1 in colors for c2 in colors}
+    colors |= {f'{c1};{c2}' for c1 in colors for c2 in colors}
     col_pat = '|'.join(colors)
-    text = re.sub('(?:\03)?{{({})}}'.format(col_pat), r'<<\1>>', text)
+    text = re.sub(f'(?:\03)?{{({col_pat})}}', r'<<\1>>', text)
     replace_color = kwargs.get('color')
     if replace_color in colors:
-        text = text.replace('{color}', '<<{}>>'.format(replace_color))
+        text = text.replace('{color}', f'<<{replace_color}>>')
     if '\03' in text:
         raise ValueError('\03 pattern found in color format')
     intersect = colors.intersection(kwargs)  # kwargs use colors
diff --git a/pywikibot/userinterfaces/gui.py b/pywikibot/userinterfaces/gui.py
index 1dea42b..1e29c12 100644
--- a/pywikibot/userinterfaces/gui.py
+++ b/pywikibot/userinterfaces/gui.py
@@ -12,14 +12,15 @@
 # Distributed under the terms of the MIT license.
 #
 import tkinter
+from tkinter import simpledialog as tkSimpleDialog
+from tkinter.scrolledtext import ScrolledText
+from typing import Optional
+
 from idlelib import replace as ReplaceDialog
 from idlelib import search as SearchDialog
 from idlelib.config import idleConf
 from idlelib.configdialog import ConfigDialog
 from idlelib.multicall import MultiCallCreator
-from tkinter import simpledialog as tkSimpleDialog
-from tkinter.scrolledtext import ScrolledText
-from typing import Optional
import pywikibot
 from pywikibot import __url__
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@
                     if not idx:
                         break
                     # index right after the end of the occurrence
-                    lastidx = '{}+{}c'.format(idx, len(s))
+                    lastidx = f'{idx}+{len(s)}c'
                     # tag the whole occurrence (start included, stop excluded)
                     self.tag_add('found', idx, lastidx)
                     # prepare to search for next occurrence
@@ -261,7 +262,7 @@
         if lineno <= 0:
             self.bell()
             return 'break'
-        self.mark_set('insert', '{}.0'.format(lineno))
+        self.mark_set('insert', f'{lineno}.0')
         self.see('insert')
         return None
@@ -391,7 +392,7 @@
             column = jumpIndex - (text[:jumpIndex].rfind('\n') + 1)
             # don't know how to place the caret, but scrolling to the right
             # line should already be helpful.
-            self.editbox.see('{}.{}'.format(line, column))
+            self.editbox.see(f'{line}.{column}')
         # wait for user to push a button which will destroy (close) the window
         self.parent.mainloop()
         return self.text
diff --git a/pywikibot/userinterfaces/terminal_interface_base.py b/pywikibot/userinterfaces/terminal_interface_base.py
index a21d376..2142573 100644
--- a/pywikibot/userinterfaces/terminal_interface_base.py
+++ b/pywikibot/userinterfaces/terminal_interface_base.py
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@
 ]
_color_pat = '((:?{0});?(:?{0})?)'.format('|'.join(colors + ['previous']))
-old_colorTagR = re.compile('\03{{{cpat}}}'.format(cpat=_color_pat))
-new_colorTagR = re.compile('<<{cpat}>>'.format(cpat=_color_pat))
+old_colorTagR = re.compile(f'\03{{{_color_pat}}}')
+new_colorTagR = re.compile(f'<<{_color_pat}>>')
class UI(ABUIC):
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
             end_marker = ':'
if default:
-            question += ' (default: {})'.format(default)
+            question += f' (default: {default})'
         question += end_marker
# lock stream output
@@ -558,7 +558,7 @@
         try:
             from pywikibot.userinterfaces import gui
         except ImportError as e:
-            pywikibot.warning('Could not load GUI modules: {}'.format(e))
+            pywikibot.warning(f'Could not load GUI modules: {e}')
             return text
         editor = gui.EditBoxWindow()
         return editor.edit(text, jumpIndex=jumpIndex, highlight=highlight)
diff --git a/pywikibot/version.py b/pywikibot/version.py
index 661eb36..a8e2c00 100644
--- a/pywikibot/version.py
+++ b/pywikibot/version.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@
import pywikibot
 from pywikibot import config
-from pywikibot.backports import cache, Dict, List, Tuple
+from pywikibot.backports import Dict, List, Tuple, cache
 from pywikibot.comms.http import fetch
 from pywikibot.exceptions import VersionParseError
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
     :param rev: Subversion revision identifier
     :return: the git hash
     """
-    uri = 'https://github.com/wikimedia/%7B%7D/!svn/vcc/default%27.format(tag)
+    uri = f'https://github.com/wikimedia/%7Btag%7D/!svn/vcc/default'
     request = fetch(uri, method='PROPFIND',
                     data="<?xml version='1.0' encoding='utf-8'?>"
                          '<propfind xmlns="DAV:"><allprop/></propfind>',
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@
         for i in range(len(date) - 1):
             assert date[i] == date2[i], 'Date of version is not consistent'
-    rev = 's{}'.format(rev)
+    rev = f's{rev}'
     if (not date or not tag or not rev) and not path:
         raise VersionParseError
     return (tag, rev, date, hsh)
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@
                           cwd=_program_dir,
                           stdout=subprocess.PIPE)
     rev, stderr = dp.communicate()
-    rev = 'g{}'.format(len(rev.splitlines()))
+    rev = f'g{len(rev.splitlines())}'
     hsh = info[3]  # also stored in '.git/refs/heads/master'
     if (not date or not tag or not rev) and not path:
         raise VersionParseError
@@ -333,7 +333,7 @@
         hsh = json.loads(buf)['revision']
         return hsh
     except Exception as e:
-        raise VersionParseError('{!r} while parsing {!r}'.format(e, buf))
+        raise VersionParseError(f'{e!r} while parsing {buf!r}')
def get_module_filename(module) -> Optional[str]:
diff --git a/scripts/add_text.py b/scripts/add_text.py
index c1251be..77aaa5a 100755
--- a/scripts/add_text.py
+++ b/scripts/add_text.py
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@
                     return True
elif page.isTalkPage():
-            pywikibot.output("{} doesn't exist, creating it!".format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f"{page} doesn't exist, creating it!")
             return False
elif self.opt.create or self.opt.createonly:
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@
         elif option == '-major':
             args['minor'] = False
         else:
-            raise ValueError("Argument '{}' is unrecognized".format(option))
+            raise ValueError(f"Argument '{option}' is unrecognized")
if not args['text'] and not args['textfile']:
         raise ValueError("Either the '-text' or '-textfile' is required")
diff --git a/scripts/archivebot.py b/scripts/archivebot.py
index a86f4f3..33dd9d5 100755
--- a/scripts/archivebot.py
+++ b/scripts/archivebot.py
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@
     """
     match = re.fullmatch(r'(\d{1,3}(?: \d{3})+|\d+) *([BkKMT]?)', string)
     if not match:
-        raise MalformedConfigError("Couldn't parse size: {}".format(string))
+        raise MalformedConfigError(f"Couldn't parse size: {string}")
     val, unit = (int(match.group(1).replace(' ', '')), match.group(2))
     if unit == 'M':
         val *= 1024
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
def to_text(self) -> str:
         """Return wikitext discussion thread."""
-        return '== {} ==\n\n{}'.format(self.title, self.content)
+        return f'== {self.title} ==\n\n{self.content}'
class DiscussionPage(pywikibot.Page):
@@ -526,7 +526,7 @@
         elif attr == 'maxarchivesize':
             size, unit = str2size(value)
             if unit == 'B' and size > self.maxsize:
-                value = '{} K'.format(self.maxsize // 1024)
+                value = f'{self.maxsize // 1024} K'
                 warn('Siteinfo "maxarticlesize" exceeded. Decreasing '
                      '"maxarchivesize" to ' + value,
                      ResourceWarning, stacklevel=2)
@@ -541,7 +541,7 @@
         """Return a template with archiver saveable attributes."""
         return '{{%s\n%s\n}}' \
                % (self.tpl.title(with_ns=(self.tpl.namespace() != 10)),
-                  '\n'.join('|{} = {}'.format(a, self.get_attr(a))
+                  '\n'.join(f'|{a} = {self.get_attr(a)}'
                             for a in self.saveables()))
def key_ok(self) -> bool:
@@ -822,10 +822,10 @@
        pass an unspecified number of arguments to the bot using ``*args``
     """
     if not page.exists():
-        pywikibot.info('{} does not exist, skipping...'.format(page))
+        pywikibot.info(f'{page} does not exist, skipping...')
         return True
-    pywikibot.info('\n\n>>> <<lightpurple>>{}<<default>> <<<'.format(page))
+    pywikibot.info(f'\n\n>>> <<lightpurple>>{page}<<default>> <<<')
     # Catching exceptions, so that errors in one page do not bail out
     # the entire process
     try:
@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@
             pywikibot.output(
                 'NOTE: the specified page "{}" does not (yet) exist.'
                 .format(calc))
-        pywikibot.output('key = {}'.format(calc_md5_hexdigest(calc, salt)))
+        pywikibot.output(f'key = {calc_md5_hexdigest(calc, salt)}')
         return
if not templates:
diff --git a/scripts/blockpageschecker.py b/scripts/blockpageschecker.py
index 6e4828e..36be5d7 100755
--- a/scripts/blockpageschecker.py
+++ b/scripts/blockpageschecker.py
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@
             'Do you want to open the page?',
             [('with browser', 'b'), ('with gui', 'g'), ('no', 'n')], 'n')
         if choice == 'b':
-            webbrowser.open('{}?redirect=no'.format(page.full_url()))
+            webbrowser.open(f'{page.full_url()}?redirect=no')
         elif choice == 'g':
             editor = TextEditor()
             editor.edit(page.text)
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@
         page = self.current_page
         if page.isRedirectPage():
             if self.opt.always:
-                pywikibot.warning('{} is a redirect; skipping'.format(page))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'{page} is a redirect; skipping')
             elif self.opt.show:
                 self.invoke_editor(page)
             return
@@ -314,11 +314,11 @@
replacement = '|'.join(ttp + tsp + (tu or ''))
                 text, changes = re.subn(
-                    '<noinclude>({})</noinclude>'.format(replacement),
+                    f'<noinclude>({replacement})</noinclude>',
                     '', text)
                 if not changes:
                     text, changes = re.subn(
-                        '({})'.format(replacement), '', text)
+                        f'({replacement})', '', text)
                 msg = 'The page is editable for all'
                 if not self.opt.move:
                     msg += ', deleting the template..'
@@ -385,11 +385,11 @@
                     # Deleting the template because the page doesn't need it.
                     replacement = '|'.join(tsmp + ttmp + (tu or ''))
                     text, changes = re.subn(
-                        '<noinclude>({})</noinclude>'.format(replacement),
+                        f'<noinclude>({replacement})</noinclude>',
                         '', text)
                     if not changes:
                         text, changes = re.subn(
-                            '({})'.format(replacement), '', text)
+                            f'({replacement})', '', text)
                     msg_type = 'deleting'
                 elif move_restriction[0] == 'sysop':
                     # move-total-protection
diff --git a/scripts/category.py b/scripts/category.py
index 89eb27b..ea2f008 100755
--- a/scripts/category.py
+++ b/scripts/category.py
@@ -504,12 +504,12 @@
         else:
             if self.sort:
                 catpl = self.sorted_by_last_name(catpl, self.current_page)
-            pywikibot.output('Adding {}'.format(catpl.title(as_link=True)))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Adding {catpl.title(as_link=True)}')
             if page.namespace() == page.site.namespaces.TEMPLATE:
                 tagname = 'noinclude'
                 if self.includeonly == ['includeonly']:
                     tagname = 'includeonly'
-                tagnameregexp = re.compile(r'(.*)(</{}>)'.format(tagname),
+                tagnameregexp = re.compile(fr'(.*)(</{tagname}>)',
                                            re.I | re.DOTALL)
                 categorytitle = catpl.title(
                     as_link=True, allow_interwiki=False)
@@ -519,7 +519,7 @@
                     # in the template page
                     text = textlib.replaceExcept(
                         text, tagnameregexp,
-                        r'\1{}\n\2'.format(categorytitle),
+                        fr'\1{categorytitle}\n\2',
                         ['comment', 'math', 'nowiki', 'pre',
                          'syntaxhighlight'],
                         site=self.current_page.site)
@@ -1131,7 +1131,7 @@
         try:
             full_text = member.get()
         except NoPageError:
-            pywikibot.output('Page {} not found.'.format(member.title()))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Page {member.title()} not found.')
             return
# skip initial templates, images and comments for articles.
@@ -1194,7 +1194,7 @@
             .format(member.title()), options, default='c')
if choice == 'c':
-            pywikibot.output('Saving page to {}'.format(current_cat.title()))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Saving page to {current_cat.title()}')
             if current_cat == original_cat:
                 pywikibot.output('No changes necessary.')
             else:
@@ -1418,7 +1418,7 @@
                              .format(child.title(with_ns=False)))
for grandchild in overcategorized:
-                pywikibot.output('\t{}'.format(grandchild.title()))
+                pywikibot.output(f'\t{grandchild.title()}')
for grandchild in overcategorized:
             msg = ('Remove "<<lightpurple>>{}<<default>>" from "{}" because '
diff --git a/scripts/category_redirect.py b/scripts/category_redirect.py
index 427b416..a655898 100755
--- a/scripts/category_redirect.py
+++ b/scripts/category_redirect.py
@@ -289,7 +289,7 @@
         localtime = time.localtime()
         today = '{:04d}-{:02d}-{:02d}'.format(*localtime[:3])
         self.datafile = pywikibot.config.datafilepath(
-            '{}-catmovebot-data'.format(self.site.dbName()))
+            f'{self.site.dbName()}-catmovebot-data')
         try:
             with open(self.datafile, 'rb') as inp:
                 self.record = pickle.load(inp)
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@
         self.log_page.save(comment)
         if self.edit_requests:
             edit_request_page = pywikibot.Page(
-                self.site, 'User:{}/category edit requests'.format(self.user))
+                self.site, f'User:{self.user}/category edit requests')
             edit_request_page.text = (self.edit_request_text
                                       % {'itemlist': '\n' + '\n'.join(
                                           (self.edit_request_item % item)
diff --git a/scripts/checkimages.py b/scripts/checkimages.py
index b9ee55f..f7346f4 100755
--- a/scripts/checkimages.py
+++ b/scripts/checkimages.py
@@ -84,7 +84,6 @@
 import collections
 import re
 import time
-
 from itertools import zip_longest
 from typing import Generator
@@ -483,7 +482,7 @@
 def print_with_time_zone(message) -> None:
     """Print the messages followed by the TimeZone encoded correctly."""
     time_zone = time.strftime('%d %b %Y %H:%M:%S (UTC)', time.gmtime())
-    pywikibot.output('{} {}'.format(message.rstrip(), time_zone))
+    pywikibot.output(f'{message.rstrip()} {time_zone}')
class CheckImagesBot:
@@ -512,7 +511,7 @@
                 'No report page provided in "REPORT_PAGE" dict '
                 'for your project!')
         self.image_namespace = site.namespaces.FILE.custom_name + ':'
-        self.list_entry = '\n* [[:{}%s]] '.format(self.image_namespace)
+        self.list_entry = f'\n* [[:{self.image_namespace}%s]] '
# The summary of the report
         self.com = i18n.twtranslate(self.site, 'checkimages-log-comment')
@@ -716,7 +715,7 @@
             commentox = commento2
if second_text:
-            new_text = '{}\n\n{}'.format(testoattuale, self.notification2)
+            new_text = f'{testoattuale}\n\n{self.notification2}'
         else:
             new_text = '{}\n\n== {} ==\n{}'.format(testoattuale, self.head,
                                                    self.notification)
@@ -764,7 +763,7 @@
     def regex_generator(self, regexp, textrun) -> Generator[pywikibot.FilePage,
                                                             None, None]:
         """Find page to yield using regex to parse text."""
-        regex = re.compile(r'{}'.format(regexp), re.DOTALL)
+        regex = re.compile(fr'{regexp}', re.DOTALL)
         results = regex.findall(textrun)
         for image in results:
             yield pywikibot.FilePage(self.site, image)
@@ -775,7 +774,7 @@
         # whitelist template...
         for key in Family.load('wikipedia').langs.keys():
             self.hiddentemplates.add(pywikibot.Page(
-                self.site, 'Template:{}'.format(key)))
+                self.site, f'Template:{key}'))
         # Hidden template loading
         if self.page_hidden:
             try:
@@ -979,7 +978,7 @@
                     # Delete the image in the list where we're write on
                     image = self.image_namespace + image_to_tag
                     text_for_the_report = re.sub(
-                        r'\n*[[:{}]]'.format(re.escape(image)),
+                        fr'\n*[[:{re.escape(image)}]]',
                         '', text_for_the_report)
                     self.report(text_for_the_report, image_to_tag,
                                 comm_image=dup_comment_image, unver=True)
@@ -1345,7 +1344,7 @@
                     {'num': skip_number}))
         # If we still have pages to skip:
         if len(self.skip_list) < skip_number:
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping {}...'.format(self.image_name))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping {self.image_name}...')
             self.skip_list.append(self.image_name)
             if skip_number == 1:
                 pywikibot.output()
@@ -1429,7 +1428,7 @@
             mex_catched = tupla[8]
             for k in find_list:
                 if find_tipe.lower() == 'findonly':
-                    search_results = re.findall(r'{}'.format(k.lower()),
+                    search_results = re.findall(fr'{k.lower()}',
                                                 self.image_check_text.lower())
                     if search_results \
                        and search_results[0] == self.image_check_text.lower():
@@ -1442,7 +1441,7 @@
                         self.mex_used = mex_catched
                         break
                 elif find_tipe.lower() == 'find' \
-                    and re.findall(r'{}'.format(k.lower()),
+                    and re.findall(fr'{k.lower()}',
                                    self.image_check_text.lower()):
                     self.some_problem = True
                     self.text_used = text
@@ -1535,7 +1534,7 @@
             return
if delete:
-            pywikibot.output('{} is not a file!'.format(self.image_name))
+            pywikibot.output(f'{self.image_name} is not a file!')
             if not di:
                 pywikibot.output('No localized message given for '
                                  "'DELETE_IMMEDIATELY'. Skipping.")
@@ -1717,7 +1716,7 @@
             try:
                 text_regex = page.get()
             except NoPageError:
-                pywikibot.output("{} doesn't exist!".format(page.title()))
+                pywikibot.output(f"{page.title()} doesn't exist!")
                 text_regex = ''  # No source, so the bot will quit later.
         # If generator is the regex' one, use your own Generator using an url
         # or page and a regex.
@@ -1747,7 +1746,7 @@
             bot.check_step()
if repeat:
-            pywikibot.output('Waiting for {} seconds,'.format(time_sleep))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Waiting for {time_sleep} seconds,')
             pywikibot.sleep(time_sleep)
         else:
             break
@@ -1765,4 +1764,4 @@
         if ret is not False:
             final = time.time()
             delta = int(final - start)
-            pywikibot.output('Execution time: {} seconds\n'.format(delta))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Execution time: {delta} seconds\n')
diff --git a/scripts/commons_information.py b/scripts/commons_information.py
index 5402092..a75cff5 100755
--- a/scripts/commons_information.py
+++ b/scripts/commons_information.py
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@
         lstrip = param.value.lstrip()
         lspaces = param.value[:len(param.value) - len(lstrip)]
         rspaces = lstrip[len(lstrip.rstrip()):]
-        param.value = '{}{}{}'.format(lspaces, value, rspaces)
+        param.value = f'{lspaces}{value}{rspaces}'
def setup(self):
         """Raise exception if needed modules are missing."""
diff --git a/scripts/commonscat.py b/scripts/commonscat.py
index 2145865..34a859e 100755
--- a/scripts/commonscat.py
+++ b/scripts/commonscat.py
@@ -359,7 +359,7 @@
         elif oldcat.strip() != newcat:  # strip trailing white space
             newtext = re.sub(r'(?i){{%s|?[^{}]*(?:{{.*}})?}}'
                              % oldtemplate,
-                             '{{{{{}|{}}}}}'.format(newtemplate, newcat),
+                             f'{{{{{newtemplate}|{newcat}}}}}',
                              page.get())
         else:  # nothing left to do
             return
diff --git a/scripts/coordinate_import.py b/scripts/coordinate_import.py
index 4e6b77d..8097fad 100755
--- a/scripts/coordinate_import.py
+++ b/scripts/coordinate_import.py
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
         try:
             item.addClaim(newclaim)
         except CoordinateGlobeUnknownError as e:
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping unsupported globe: {}'.format(e.args))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping unsupported globe: {e.args}')
             return False
         else:
             return True
diff --git a/scripts/cosmetic_changes.py b/scripts/cosmetic_changes.py
index 96e6c4b..857fb02 100755
--- a/scripts/cosmetic_changes.py
+++ b/scripts/cosmetic_changes.py
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
             try:
                 options['ignore'] = getattr(CANCEL, value)
             except AttributeError:
-                raise ValueError('Unknown ignore mode {!r}!'.format(value))
+                raise ValueError(f'Unknown ignore mode {value!r}!')
gen = gen_factory.getCombinedGenerator(preload=True)
     if not pywikibot.bot.suggest_help(missing_generator=not gen) \
diff --git a/scripts/create_isbn_edition.py b/scripts/create_isbn_edition.py
index 64968f8..4f03522 100644
--- a/scripts/create_isbn_edition.py
+++ b/scripts/create_isbn_edition.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/python3
-"""Pywikibot script to load ISBN related data into Wikidata.
+r"""Pywikibot script to load ISBN related data into Wikidata.
Pywikibot script to get ISBN data from a digital library,
 and create or amend the related Wikidata item for edition
@@ -255,16 +255,17 @@
 #
 # Distributed under the terms of the MIT license.
 #
-import os               # Operating system
-import re               # Regular expressions (very handy!)
+import os  # Operating system
+import re  # Regular expressions (very handy!)
 from itertools import islice
-import pywikibot        # API interface to Wikidata
+import pywikibot  # API interface to Wikidata
 from pywikibot import pagegenerators as pg  # Wikidata Query interface
 from pywikibot.backports import List
 from pywikibot.config import verbose_output as verbose
 from pywikibot.data import api
+
 try:
     import isbnlib
 except ImportError as e:
@@ -394,7 +395,7 @@
     if verbose:
         pywikibot.info()
         for i in isbn_data:
-            pywikibot.info('{}:\t{}'.format(i, isbn_data[i]))
+            pywikibot.info(f'{i}:\t{isbn_data[i]}')
# Get the book language from the ISBN book reference
     booklang = mainlang         # Default language
@@ -458,7 +459,7 @@
     rescnt = 0
     for rescnt, item in enumerate(generator, start=1):
         qnumber = item.getID()
-        pywikibot.warning('Found item: {}'.format(qnumber))
+        pywikibot.warning(f'Found item: {qnumber}')
# Create or amend the item
     if rescnt == 1:
@@ -468,9 +469,9 @@
         item = pywikibot.ItemPage(repo)     # Create item
         item.editEntity({'labels': label}, summary=transcmt)
         qnumber = item.getID()
-        pywikibot.warning('Creating item: {}'.format(qnumber))
+        pywikibot.warning(f'Creating item: {qnumber}')
     else:
-        pywikibot.critical('Ambiguous ISBN number {}'.format(isbn_fmtd))
+        pywikibot.critical(f'Ambiguous ISBN number {isbn_fmtd}')
         return
# Add all P/Q values
@@ -491,7 +492,7 @@
                                           targetx[propty].labels[booklang],
                                           target[propty]))
             except:  # noqa: B001, E722, H201
-                pywikibot.warning('Add {}:{}'.format(propty, target[propty]))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'Add {propty}:{target[propty]}')
claim = pywikibot.Claim(repo, propty)
             claim.setTarget(targetx[propty])
@@ -499,14 +500,14 @@
# Set formatted ISBN number
     if 'P212' not in item.claims:
-        pywikibot.warning('Add ISBN number (P212): {}'.format(isbn_fmtd))
+        pywikibot.warning(f'Add ISBN number (P212): {isbn_fmtd}')
         claim = pywikibot.Claim(repo, 'P212')
         claim.setTarget(isbn_fmtd)
         item.addClaim(claim, bot=True, summary=transcmt)
# Title
     if 'P1476' not in item.claims:
-        pywikibot.warning('Add Title (P1476): {}'.format(objectname))
+        pywikibot.warning(f'Add Title (P1476): {objectname}')
         claim = pywikibot.Claim(repo, 'P1476')
         claim.setTarget(pywikibot.WbMonolingualText(text=objectname,
                                                     language=booklang))
@@ -514,7 +515,7 @@
# Subtitle
     if subtitle and 'P1680' not in item.claims:
-        pywikibot.warning('Add Subtitle (P1680): {}'.format(subtitle))
+        pywikibot.warning(f'Add Subtitle (P1680): {subtitle}')
         claim = pywikibot.Claim(repo, 'P1680')
         claim.setTarget(pywikibot.WbMonolingualText(text=subtitle,
                                                     language=booklang))
@@ -557,9 +558,9 @@
                     qualifier.setTarget(str(author_cnt))
                     claim.addQualifier(qualifier, summary=transcmt)
             elif not author_list:
-                pywikibot.warning('Unknown author: {}'.format(author_name))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'Unknown author: {author_name}')
             else:
-                pywikibot.warning('Ambiguous author: {}'.format(author_name))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'Ambiguous author: {author_name}')
# Get the publisher
     publisher_name = isbn_data['Publisher'].strip()
@@ -593,13 +594,13 @@
# Book cover images
     for i in isbn_cover:
-        pywikibot.info('{}:\t{}'.format(i, isbn_cover[i]))
+        pywikibot.info(f'{i}:\t{isbn_cover[i]}')
# Handle ISBN classification
     isbn_classify = isbnlib.classify(isbn_number)
for i in isbn_classify:
-        pywikibot.debug('{}:\t{}'.format(i, isbn_classify[i]))
+        pywikibot.debug(f'{i}:\t{isbn_classify[i]}')
# ./create_isbn_edition.py '978-3-8376-5645-9' - de P407 Q188
     # Q113460204
diff --git a/scripts/data_ingestion.py b/scripts/data_ingestion.py
index 802cf05..82109f0 100755
--- a/scripts/data_ingestion.py
+++ b/scripts/data_ingestion.py
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@
         """
         duplicates = page.find_duplicate_images()
         if duplicates:
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping duplicate of {!r}'.format(duplicates))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping duplicate of {duplicates!r}')
             return
title = page.get_title(self.titlefmt)
@@ -319,7 +319,7 @@
         try:
             config_page.get()
         except NoPageError:
-            pywikibot.error('{} does not exist'.format(config_page))
+            pywikibot.error(f'{config_page} does not exist')
             continue
configuration = DataIngestionBot.parse_configuration_page(config_page)
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@
         try:
             f = codecs.open(filename, 'r', configuration['csvEncoding'])
         except OSError as e:
-            pywikibot.error('{} could not be opened: {}'.format(filename, e))
+            pywikibot.error(f'{filename} could not be opened: {e}')
         else:
             with f:
                 files = CSVReader(f, urlcolumn='url',
diff --git a/scripts/dataextend.py b/scripts/dataextend.py
index bbdf116..dad781c 100644
--- a/scripts/dataextend.py
+++ b/scripts/dataextend.py
@@ -61,7 +61,6 @@
 import codecs
 import datetime
 import re
-
 from collections import defaultdict
 from contextlib import suppress
 from html import unescape
@@ -71,7 +70,7 @@
import pywikibot
 from pywikibot.backports import List, Tuple
-from pywikibot.bot import input_yn, SingleSiteBot, suggest_help
+from pywikibot.bot import SingleSiteBot, input_yn, suggest_help
 from pywikibot.comms import http
 from pywikibot.data import sparql
 from pywikibot.exceptions import (
@@ -410,7 +409,7 @@
with codecs.open(self.labelfile, **param) as f:
             for item in self.labels:
-                f.write('{}:{}\n'.format(item, self.labels[item]))
+                f.write(f'{item}:{self.labels[item]}\n')
with codecs.open(self.datafile, **param) as f:
             for dtype in self.data:
@@ -420,7 +419,7 @@
with codecs.open(self.nonamefile, **param) as f:
             for noname in self.noname:
-                f.write('{}\n'.format(noname))
+                f.write(f'{noname}\n')
def page(self, title):
         """Dispatch title and return the appropriate Page object."""
@@ -429,7 +428,7 @@
             return pywikibot.ItemPage(self.site, title)
         if title.startswith('P'):
             return pywikibot.PropertyPage(self.site, title)
-        raise ValueError('Invalid title {}'.format(title))
+        raise ValueError(f'Invalid title {title}')
@staticmethod
     def showtime(time):
@@ -439,15 +438,15 @@
         if time.precision < 9:
             result = 'ca. ' + result
         if time.precision >= 10:
-            result = '{}-{}'.format(time.month, result)
+            result = f'{time.month}-{result}'
         if time.precision >= 11:
-            result = '{}-{}'.format(time.day, result)
+            result = f'{time.day}-{result}'
         if time.precision >= 12:
-            result = '{} {}'.format(result, time.hour)
+            result = f'{result} {time.hour}'
         if time.precision >= 13:
-            result = '{}:{}'.format(result, time.minute)
+            result = f'{result}:{time.minute}'
         if time.precision >= 14:
-            result = '{}:{}'.format(result, time.second)
+            result = f'{result}:{time.second}'
         return result
def showclaims(self, claims):
@@ -627,7 +626,7 @@
             try:
                 month = self.MONTHNUMBER[m.group(2).lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError("Don't know month {}".format(m.group(2)))
+                raise ValueError(f"Don't know month {m.group(2)}")
             day = int(m.group(1))
         m = re.match(r"(\d+)(?:.|er|eme|ème)?[\s.]\s*(?:d'|d[aei] )?"
                      r'([^\s.]{2,}).?[\s.]\s*(\d+)$', text)
@@ -636,7 +635,7 @@
             try:
                 month = self.MONTHNUMBER[m.group(2).lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError("Don't know month {}".format(m.group(2)))
+                raise ValueError(f"Don't know month {m.group(2)}")
             day = int(m.group(1))
         m = re.match(r'(\d{4}).?[\s.]\s*([^\s.]{3,}).?[\s.]\s*(\d+)$', text)
         if m:
@@ -644,7 +643,7 @@
             try:
                 month = self.MONTHNUMBER[m.group(2).lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError("Don't know month {}".format(m.group(2)))
+                raise ValueError(f"Don't know month {m.group(2)}")
             day = int(m.group(3))
         m = re.match(r"(\d+) (?:de |d')?(\w+[a-z]\w+) de (\d+)", text)
         if m:
@@ -652,7 +651,7 @@
             try:
                 month = self.MONTHNUMBER[m.group(2).lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError("Don't know month {}".format(m.group(2)))
+                raise ValueError(f"Don't know month {m.group(2)}")
             day = int(m.group(1))
         m = re.match(r'(\w*[a-zA-Z]\w*).? (\d+)$', text)
         if m:
@@ -660,7 +659,7 @@
             try:
                 month = self.MONTHNUMBER[m.group(1).lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError("Don't know month {}".format(m.group(1)))
+                raise ValueError(f"Don't know month {m.group(1)}")
         m = re.match(r'(\w+).? (\d{1,2})(?:st|nd|rd|th)?.?\s*,\s*(\d{3,4})$',
                      text)
         if m:
@@ -668,7 +667,7 @@
             try:
                 month = self.MONTHNUMBER[m.group(1).lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError("Don't know month {}".format(m.group(1)))
+                raise ValueError(f"Don't know month {m.group(1)}")
             day = int(m.group(2))
         m = re.match(r'(\d{4}),? (\d{1,2}) (\w+)', text)
         if m:
@@ -676,7 +675,7 @@
             try:
                 month = self.MONTHNUMBER[m.group(3).lower()]
             except KeyError:
-                raise ValueError("Don't know month {}".format(m.group(1)))
+                raise ValueError(f"Don't know month {m.group(1)}")
             day = int(m.group(2))
         m = re.match(r'(\d+)年(\d+)月(\d+)日', text)
         if m:
@@ -697,7 +696,7 @@
             raise ValueError('Date seems to have an invalid day number {}'
                              .format(day))
         if not year:
-            raise ValueError("Can't interpret date {}".format(text))
+            raise ValueError(f"Can't interpret date {text}")
         return pywikibot.WbTime(year=year, month=month, day=day, precision=9
                                 if month is None
                                 else 10 if day is None else 11)
@@ -1047,7 +1046,7 @@
                 pywikibot.input('Press Enter to continue')
             pywikibot.output('== longtexts ==')
             for longtext in longtexts:
-                pywikibot.output('\n== {} =='.format(longtext[0]))
+                pywikibot.output(f'\n== {longtext[0]} ==')
                 pywikibot.output(longtext[1])
                 pywikibot.input('(press enter)')
@@ -1060,9 +1059,9 @@
         pywikibot.output('Default is to keep the old value (0)')
         for i, pos in enumerate(possibilities):
             if pos is None:
-                pywikibot.output('{}: No description'.format(i))
+                pywikibot.output(f'{i}: No description')
             else:
-                pywikibot.output('{}: {}'.format(i, pos))
+                pywikibot.output(f'{i}: {pos}')
         answer = pywikibot.input('Which one to choose? ')
         try:
             answer = int(answer)
@@ -1091,14 +1090,14 @@
             pywikibot.output('New names found:')
             for language in realnewnames.keys():
                 for name in realnewnames[language]:
-                    pywikibot.output('{}: {}'.format(language, name))
+                    pywikibot.output(f'{language}: {name}')
             result = pywikibot.input('Add these names? (y/n/[S]elect/x) ')
             if not result or result[0].upper() not in 'YNX':
                 chosennewnames = defaultdict(list)
                 for language in realnewnames.keys():
                     for name in realnewnames[language]:
                         result = pywikibot.input(
-                            '{}: {} - '.format(language, name))
+                            f'{language}: {name} - ')
                         if (not result) or result[0].upper() == 'Y':
                             chosennewnames[language].append(name)
                         elif result[0].upper() == 'X':
@@ -1266,7 +1265,7 @@
         if not ask:
             return None
-        pywikibot.output("Trying to get a {} out of '{}'".format(dtype, text))
+        pywikibot.output(f"Trying to get a {dtype} out of '{text}'")
         answer = pywikibot.input(
             'Type Qnnn to let it point to Qnnn from now on,\n'
             'Xnnn to let it point to Qnnn only now,\n'
@@ -1295,19 +1294,19 @@
                 if used and not base:
                     continue
                 self.urlbase = base
-                pywikibot.info('Getting {}'.format(self.url))
+                pywikibot.info(f'Getting {self.url}')
                 with suppress(ServerError, ConnectionError):
                     pagerequest = http.fetch(self.url)
                     break
             else:
-                pywikibot.info('Unable to load {}'.format(self.url))
+                pywikibot.info(f'Unable to load {self.url}')
                 return []
if pagerequest:
             self.html = pagerequest.text
for extraurl in self.extraurls:
-            pywikibot.info('Getting {}'.format(extraurl))
+            pywikibot.info(f'Getting {extraurl}')
             try:
                 pagerequest = http.fetch(extraurl)
             except (ServerError, ConnectionError):
@@ -1541,7 +1540,7 @@
                 result = result.strip().lstrip('(').rstrip(')')
                 result = result.replace('–', '-').replace('‑', '-')
                 if '-' in result:
-                    (start, end) = [r.strip() for r in result.split('-', 1)]
+                    (start, end) = (r.strip() for r in result.split('-', 1))
                     if start == end:
                         newclaims.append(('P1317', '!date!' + start, self))
                     else:
@@ -2045,7 +2044,7 @@
     @property
     def url(self):
         # TODO: check whether this is right or needed
-        return 'http://www.isni.org/%7Bid%7D%27.format(id=self.id).replace(' ', '')
+        return f'http://www.isni.org/%7Bself.id%7D%27.replace(' ', '')
def findlanguagenames(self, html: str):
         # TODO: check whether this is right or needed
@@ -2158,7 +2157,7 @@
         }
def getid(self, name, html):
-        result = self.findbyre(r'>{}|([^<>]+)'.format(name), html)
+        result = self.findbyre(fr'>{name}|([^<>]+)', html)
         if result:
             return result.replace(' ', '')
         return None
@@ -2256,7 +2255,7 @@
         ]
         iccu = self.getid('ICCU', html)
         if iccu:
-            result += [('P396', r'IT\ICCU{}{}'.format(iccu[:4], iccu[4:]))]
+            result += [('P396', fr'IT\ICCU{iccu[:4]}{iccu[4:]}')]
         result += self.finddefaultmixedrefs(html)
         return result
@@ -2538,7 +2537,7 @@
     def findbirthdate(self, html: str):
         result = self.findbyre(r'<li><h3>Birth Date</h3><ul[^<>]*>(\d{8})<', html)
         if result:
-            return '{}-{}-{}'.format(result[6:], result[4:6], result[:4])
+            return f'{result[6:]}-{result[4:6]}-{result[:4]}'
result = (
             self.findbyre(r'(?s)Birth Date</h3><.*?>(?:(.*?))?([^<>]*?)</ul>', html)
@@ -2560,7 +2559,7 @@
     def finddeathdate(self, html: str):
         result = self.findbyre(r'<li><h3>Death Date</h3><ul[^<>]*>(\d{8})<', html)
         if result:
-            return '{}-{}-{}'.format(result[6:], result[4:6], result[:4])
+            return f'{result[6:]}-{result[4:6]}-{result[:4]}'
result = (
             self.findbyre(r'(?s)Death Date</h3><.*?>(?:(.*?))?([^<>]*?)</ul>', html)
@@ -2963,9 +2962,9 @@
     @property
     def url(self):
         if self.isfilm:
-            return 'https://www.imdb.com/title/%7Bid%7D/%27.format(id=self.id)
+            return f'https://www.imdb.com/title/%7Bself.id%7D/'
         if self.isperson:
-            return 'https://www.imdb.com/name/%7Bid%7D/%27.format(id=self.id)
+            return f'https://www.imdb.com/name/%7Bself.id%7D/'
         return None
@property
@@ -3336,7 +3335,7 @@
         lat = self.findbyre(r'itemprop="latitude" content="(.*?)"', html)
         lon = self.findbyre(r'itemprop="longitude" content="(.*?)"', html)
         if lat and lon:
-            return '{} {}'.format(lat, lon)
+            return f'{lat} {lon}'
def findheights(self, html: str):
         return [self.findbyre(r'(?s)<td>height</td>.*<td>(.*?)</td>', html)]
@@ -3524,7 +3523,7 @@
         self.hrtre = r'(<h1.*?</table>)'
def getvalue(self, name, html, category=None):
-        return self.findbyre(r'{}: "(.*?)"'.format(name), html, category)
+        return self.findbyre(fr'{name}: "(.*?)"', html, category)
def findnames(self, html) -> List[str]:
         return [self.getvalue('shareTitle', html)]
@@ -3687,7 +3686,7 @@
         lat = self.findbyre(r'"LAT">(.*?)<', html)
         lon = self.findbyre(r'"LONGI">(.*?)<', html)
         if lat and lon:
-            return '{} {}'.format(lat, lon)
+            return f'{lat} {lon}'
class MathGenAnalyzer(Analyzer):
@@ -3962,7 +3961,7 @@
         return html.replace('&nbsp;', ' ')
def getvalue(self, field, html, dtype=None):
-        return self.findbyre(r'(?s)<td[^<>]*>\s*{}\s*</td>\s*<td[^<>]*>(?:<[^<>]*>)*(.*?)<'.format(field), html, dtype)
+        return self.findbyre(fr'(?s)<td[^<>]*>\s*{field}\s*</td>\s*<td[^<>]*>(?:<[^<>]*>)*(.*?)<', html, dtype)
def findlongtext(self, html: str):
         return self.getvalue(r'Biogr./Hist. .daje', html)
@@ -4223,7 +4222,7 @@
class HdsAnalyzer(Analyzer):
     def setup(self):
-        self.id = '{:06d}'.format(int(self.id))
+        self.id = f'{int(self.id):06d}'
         self.dbproperty = 'P902'
         self.dbid = 'Q642074'
         self.dbname = 'Historical Dictionary of Switzerland'
@@ -5813,7 +5812,7 @@
         lat = self.findbyre(r'Lat:\s*(-?\d+.\d+)', html)
         lon = self.findbyre(r'Long:\s*(-?\d+.\d+)', html)
         if lat and lon:
-            return '{} {}'.format(lat, lon)
+            return f'{lat} {lon}'
class NlpAnalyzer(Analyzer):
@@ -6377,7 +6376,7 @@
     def getvalues(self, field, html, dtype=None, link=False) -> List[str]:
         section = self.findbyre(r'(?s)>{}</span>(.*?>)[^<>]+</span><span'
                                 .format(field), html) or \
-                  self.findbyre(r'(?s)>{}</span>(.*)'.format(field), html)
+                  self.findbyre(fr'(?s)>{field}</span>(.*)', html)
         if section:
             return self.findallbyre(r'<{}[^<>]*>(.*?)[(<]'
                                     .format('a ' if link else 'span'),
@@ -6752,7 +6751,7 @@
         self.language = 'nl'
def getentry(self, naam, html, dtype=None):
-        return self.findbyre(r'(?s){}<.*?>([^<>]*)</div>'.format(naam), html, dtype)
+        return self.findbyre(fr'(?s){naam}<.*?>([^<>]*)</div>', html, dtype)
def finddescription(self, html: str):
         return self.findbyre(r'<h1>(.*?)<', html)
@@ -7907,7 +7906,7 @@
def getvalue(self, field, html, dtype=None):
         return self.findbyre(
-            r'(?s)<div class="InformationBoxTitle">{}:</div>\s*<div class="InformationBoxContents">(.*?)</div>'.format(field),
+            fr'(?s)<div class="InformationBoxTitle">{field}:</div>\s*<div class="InformationBoxContents">(.*?)</div>',
             html, dtype)
def getvalues(self, field, html, dtype=None) -> List[str]:
@@ -11830,15 +11829,15 @@
         section = self.getvalue('Nome', html)
         if section:
             result.append(self.findbyre(r'([^&]+)', section).replace(':', ''))
-        pywikibot.info('section: {}, result: {}'.format(section, result))
+        pywikibot.info(f'section: {section}, result: {result}')
         section = self.getvalue('Nome su edizioni', html)
         if section:
             result += self.findallbyre(r'([^;]+)', section)
-        pywikibot.info('section: {}, result: {}'.format(section, result))
+        pywikibot.info(f'section: {section}, result: {result}')
         section = self.getvalue('Fonti', html)
         if section:
             result += self.findallbyre(r'((.*?))', section)
-        pywikibot.info('section: {}, result: {}'.format(section, result))
+        pywikibot.info(f'section: {section}, result: {result}')
         return result
def finddescriptions(self, html: str):
@@ -11886,7 +11885,7 @@
         if field:
             if splitter == '<':
                 return self.findallbyre('>(.*?)<', '>' + field + '<', dtype)
-            return self.findallbyre('[^{}]+'.format(splitter), field, dtype)
+            return self.findallbyre(f'[^{splitter}]+', field, dtype)
         return []
def findnames(self, html) -> List[str]:
@@ -13868,7 +13867,7 @@
         self.id = self.id.replace(' ', '_')
         if self.language in ['commons', 'species']:
             site = 'wikimedia'
-        self.dbname = '{} {}'.format(site.title(), self.language.upper())
+        self.dbname = f'{site.title()} {self.language.upper()}'
         self.urlbase = 'https://%7B%7D.%7B%7D.org/wiki/%7B%7Bid%7D%7D%27.format(
             self.language, site)
         self.urlbase3 = 'https://%7B%7D.%7B%7D.org/w/index.php?title=%7B%7Bid%7D%7D&veswitched=1&...
@@ -13927,7 +13926,7 @@
                     sections = self.findallbyre(r'(?is)[\b|_\s]%s\s*=((?:[^|、{}]|{{[^{}]*}})+)' % name, box, alt=alt)
                     for section in sections:
                         result += self.findallbyre(
-                            r'([^{}]+)'.format(splitters), section, dtype)
+                            fr'([^{splitters}]+)', section, dtype)
         return result
def getinfo(self, names, html, dtype=None, splitters=None, alt=None) -> str:
@@ -13946,7 +13945,7 @@
                     preresult = self.findallbyre(r'(?is)[\b|_\s]%s\s*=((?:[^|{}]|{{[^{}]*}})+)' % name, box, alt=alt)
                     for section in preresult:
                         result += self.findallbyre(
-                            r'([^{}]+)'.format(splitters), section, dtype)
+                            fr'([^{splitters}]+)', section, dtype)
                 if result:
                     return result[0]
@@ -15099,7 +15098,7 @@
         self.dbproperty = None
         self.dbid = 'Q2013'
         self.urlbase = None
-        self.sparqlquery = 'SELECT ?a ?b WHERE {{ ?a ?b wd:{} }}'.format(self.id)
+        self.sparqlquery = f'SELECT ?a ?b WHERE {{ ?a ?b wd:{self.id} }}'
         self.skipfirst = True
         self.hrtre = '()'
         self.language = 'en'
@@ -15112,7 +15111,7 @@
def findlongtext(self, html: str):
         matches = re.findall(r'statement/([qQ]\d+)[^{}]+statement/([pP]\d+)', html)
-        return '\n'.join('{} of: {}'.format(self.bot.label(m[1]), self.bot.label(m[0])) for m in matches)
+        return '\n'.join(f'{self.bot.label(m[1])} of: {self.bot.label(m[0])}' for m in matches)
def findspouses(self, html: str):
         return self.getrelations('P26', html)
diff --git a/scripts/delete.py b/scripts/delete.py
index fc90773..a8b9cdc 100755
--- a/scripts/delete.py
+++ b/scripts/delete.py
@@ -169,21 +169,21 @@
             n_pages_in_ns = len(refs[ns])
             plural = '' if n_pages_in_ns == 1 else 's'
             ns_name = ns.canonical_prefix() if ns != ns.MAIN else 'Main:'
-            ns_id = '[{}]'.format(ns.id)
+            ns_id = f'[{ns.id}]'
             pywikibot.output(
                 '    {0!s:<{width}} {1:>6} {2:>10} page{pl}'.format(
                     ns_name, ns_id, n_pages_in_ns, width=width, pl=plural))
             if show_n_pages:  # do not show marker if 0 pages are requested.
                 for page in islice_with_ellipsis(refs[ns], show_n_pages):
-                    pywikibot.output('      {!s}'.format(page.title()))
+                    pywikibot.output(f'      {page.title()!s}')
def skip_page(self, page) -> bool:
         """Skip the page under some conditions."""
         if self.opt.undelete and page.exists():
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping: {} already exists.'.format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping: {page} already exists.')
             return True
         if not self.opt.undelete and not page.exists():
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping: {} does not exist.'.format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping: {page} does not exist.')
             return True
         return super().skip_page(page)
diff --git a/scripts/delinker.py b/scripts/delinker.py
index 872f144..b4b1aa47 100644
--- a/scripts/delinker.py
+++ b/scripts/delinker.py
@@ -41,8 +41,8 @@
 import pywikibot
 from pywikibot.backports import removeprefix
 from pywikibot.bot import (
-    ConfigParserBot,
     AutomaticTWSummaryBot,
+    ConfigParserBot,
     SingleSiteBot,
     calledModuleName,
 )
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@
         if not hasattr(self, 'last_ts'):
             return
-        pywikibot.output("\nUpdate 'since' to {} file".format(self.INI))
+        pywikibot.output(f"\nUpdate 'since' to {self.INI} file")
         conf = configparser.ConfigParser(inline_comment_prefixes=[';'])
         conf.read(self.INI)
         section = calledModuleName()
diff --git a/scripts/djvutext.py b/scripts/djvutext.py
index 4c85336..f3f265b 100755
--- a/scripts/djvutext.py
+++ b/scripts/djvutext.py
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@
     djvu = DjVuFile(djvu_path)
if not djvu.has_text():
-        pywikibot.error('No text layer in djvu file {}'.format(djvu.file))
+        pywikibot.error(f'No text layer in djvu file {djvu.file}')
         return
# Parse pages param.
diff --git a/scripts/download_dump.py b/scripts/download_dump.py
index 009a62f..3d713a1 100755
--- a/scripts/download_dump.py
+++ b/scripts/download_dump.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
     @staticmethod
     def get_dump_name(db_name, typ, dumpdate):
         """Check if dump file exists locally in a Toolforge server."""
-        db_path = '/public/dumps/public/{}/'.format(db_name)
+        db_path = f'/public/dumps/public/{db_name}/'
         if os.path.isdir(db_path):
             dump_filepath_template = (
                 '/public/dumps/public/{db_name}/{date}/{db_name}-{date}-{typ}')
diff --git a/scripts/fixing_redirects.py b/scripts/fixing_redirects.py
index b147f86..459a094 100755
--- a/scripts/fixing_redirects.py
+++ b/scripts/fixing_redirects.py
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@
if ((new_page_title == link_text and not section)
                     or self.opt.overwrite):
-                newlink = '[[{}]]'.format(new_page_title)
+                newlink = f'[[{new_page_title}]]'
             # check if we can create a link with trailing characters instead of
             # a pipelink
             elif (len(new_page_title) <= len(link_text)
diff --git a/scripts/harvest_template.py b/scripts/harvest_template.py
index 36453ab..9346e18 100755
--- a/scripts/harvest_template.py
+++ b/scripts/harvest_template.py
@@ -118,9 +118,9 @@
 from typing import Any, Iterator, Optional
import pywikibot
+from pywikibot import WbTime
 from pywikibot import pagegenerators as pg
 from pywikibot import textlib
-from pywikibot import WbTime
 from pywikibot.backports import List, Tuple
 from pywikibot.bot import ConfigParserBot, OptionHandler, WikidataBot
 from pywikibot.exceptions import (
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@
         """Fetch redirects of the title, so we can check against them."""
         temp = pywikibot.Page(self.site, title, ns=10)
         if not temp.exists():
-            sys.exit('Template {} does not exist.'.format(temp.title()))
+            sys.exit(f'Template {temp.title()} does not exist.')
# Put some output here since it can take a while
         pywikibot.output('Finding redirects...')
@@ -460,7 +460,7 @@
             if out is None:
                 out = data
             elif out != data:
-                pywikibot.output('Found ambiguous date: "{}"'.format(value))
+                pywikibot.output(f'Found ambiguous date: "{value}"')
                 return
yield WbTime.fromWikibase(out, self.repo)
diff --git a/scripts/imagetransfer.py b/scripts/imagetransfer.py
index 738484a..e2232c9 100755
--- a/scripts/imagetransfer.py
+++ b/scripts/imagetransfer.py
@@ -213,7 +213,7 @@
             description += sourceImagePage.getFileVersionHistoryTable()
             # add interwiki link
             if sourceSite.family == self.opt.target.family:
-                description += '\n\n{}'.format(sourceImagePage)
+                description += f'\n\n{sourceImagePage}'
         except NoPageError:
             pywikibot.output(
                 'Image does not exist or description page is empty.')
diff --git a/scripts/interwiki.py b/scripts/interwiki.py
index b18c307..a303909 100755
--- a/scripts/interwiki.py
+++ b/scripts/interwiki.py
@@ -1023,7 +1023,7 @@
             with codecs.open(
                     pywikibot.config.datafilepath('without_interwiki.txt'),
                     'a', 'utf-8') as f:
-                f.write('# {} \n'.format(page))
+                f.write(f'# {page} \n')
def askForHints(self, counter) -> None:
         """Ask for hints to other sites."""
@@ -1101,9 +1101,9 @@
                     counter.minus(site, count)
                 self.todo.clear()
         elif not self.conf.followredirect:
-            self.conf.note('not following {}redirects.'.format(redir))
+            self.conf.note(f'not following {redir}redirects.')
         elif page.isStaticRedirect():
-            self.conf.note('not following static {}redirects.'.format(redir))
+            self.conf.note(f'not following static {redir}redirects.')
         elif (page.site.family == redirect_target.site.family
               and not self.skipPage(page, redirect_target, counter)
               and self.addIfNew(redirect_target, counter, page)
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@
         """Check whether any iw links should be added to the todo list."""
         if not page.exists():
             self.conf.remove.append(str(page))
-            self.conf.note('{} does not exist. Skipping.'.format(page))
+            self.conf.note(f'{page} does not exist. Skipping.')
             if page == self.origin:
                 # The page we are working on is the page that does not
                 # exist. No use in doing any work on it in that case.
@@ -1136,7 +1136,7 @@
         # otherwise a redirect error would be raised
         if page_empty_check(page):
             self.conf.remove.append(str(page))
-            self.conf.note('{} is empty. Skipping.'.format(page))
+            self.conf.note(f'{page} is empty. Skipping.')
             if page == self.origin:
                 for site, count in self.todo.iter_values_len():
                     counter.minus(site, count)
@@ -1146,7 +1146,7 @@
             return
if page.section():
-            self.conf.note('{} is a page section. Skipping.'.format(page))
+            self.conf.note(f'{page} is a page section. Skipping.')
             return
# Page exists, isn't a redirect, and is a plain link (no section)
@@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@
         try:
             iw = page.langlinks()
         except UnknownSiteError:
-            self.conf.note('site {} does not exist.'.format(page.site))
+            self.conf.note(f'site {page.site} does not exist.')
             return
(skip, alternativePage) = self.disambigMismatch(page, counter)
@@ -1392,7 +1392,7 @@
             if not acceptall:
                 pywikibot.output('=' * 30)
                 page2 = pages[0]
-                pywikibot.output('Found link to {} in:'.format(page2))
+                pywikibot.output(f'Found link to {page2} in:')
                 self.whereReport(page2, indent=4)
# TODO: allow answer to repeat previous or go back
@@ -1442,7 +1442,7 @@
def post_processing(self):
         """Some finishing processes to be done."""
-        pywikibot.output('======Post-processing {}======'.format(self.origin))
+        pywikibot.output(f'======Post-processing {self.origin}======')
         # Assemble list of accepted interwiki links
         new = self.assemble()
         if new is None:  # User said give up
@@ -1503,7 +1503,7 @@
                         page = pywikibot.Page(link)
                         old[page.site] = page
                 except NoPageError:
-                    pywikibot.error('{} no longer exists?'.format(new[site]))
+                    pywikibot.error(f'{new[site]} no longer exists?')
                     continue
                 *_, adding, removing, modifying = compareLanguages(
                     old, new, lclSite, self.conf.summary)
@@ -1558,7 +1558,7 @@
             raise SaveError("Page doesn't exist")
if page_empty_check(page):
-            pywikibot.output('Not editing {}: page is empty'.format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Not editing {page}: page is empty')
             raise SaveError('Page is empty.')
# clone original newPages dictionary, so that we can modify it to the
@@ -1629,12 +1629,12 @@
             mods, mcomment, adding, removing, modifying = compareLanguages(
                 old, new, page.site, self.conf.summary)
         if not mods:
-            self.conf.note('No changes needed on page {}'.format(page))
+            self.conf.note(f'No changes needed on page {page}')
             return False
pywikibot.info('<<lightpurple>>Updating links on page {}.'
                        .format(page))
-        pywikibot.info('Changes to be made: {}'.format(mods))
+        pywikibot.info(f'Changes to be made: {mods}')
         oldtext = page.get()
         template = (page.namespace() == 10)
         newtext = textlib.replaceLanguageLinks(oldtext, new,
@@ -1643,7 +1643,7 @@
         # This is for now. Later there should be different funktions for each
         # kind
         if not botMayEdit(page):
-            pywikibot.info('SKIPPING: {} '.format(page), newline=False)
+            pywikibot.info(f'SKIPPING: {page} ', newline=False)
             if template:
                 msg = 'should have interwiki links on subpage.'
             else:
@@ -2265,7 +2265,7 @@
                 pywikibot.error('Cannot delete {} due to\n{}\nDo it manually.'
                                 .format(tail, e))
             else:
-                pywikibot.output('Dumpfile {} deleted'.format(tail))
+                pywikibot.output(f'Dumpfile {tail} deleted')
def main(*args: str) -> None:
diff --git a/scripts/interwikidata.py b/scripts/interwikidata.py
index dfeebf1..7326b3d 100755
--- a/scripts/interwikidata.py
+++ b/scripts/interwikidata.py
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@
item = pywikibot.ItemPage(self.repo)
         item.editEntity(data, new='item', summary=summary)
-        output('Created item {item}'.format(item=item.getID()))
+        output(f'Created item {item.getID()}')
         return item
def handle_complicated(self) -> bool:
diff --git a/scripts/listpages.py b/scripts/listpages.py
index 1ca7def..7489bcd 100755
--- a/scripts/listpages.py
+++ b/scripts/listpages.py
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@
                 self.trs_title = page._link.ns_title(onsite=self.onsite)
             # Fallback if no corresponding namespace is found in onsite.
             except Error:
-                self.trs_title = '{}:{}'.format(default, page._link.title)
+                self.trs_title = f'{default}:{page._link.title}'
def output(self, num=None, fmt: str = '1') -> str:
         """Output formatted string."""
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
         if self.opt.save:
             filename = os.path.join(self.opt.save,
                                     page.title(as_filename=True))
-            pywikibot.info('Saving {} to {}'.format(page.title(), filename))
+            pywikibot.info(f'Saving {page.title()} to {filename}')
             with open(filename, mode='wb') as f:
                 f.write(page.text.encode(self.opt.encode))
             self.counter['save'] += 1
diff --git a/scripts/maintenance/cache.py b/scripts/maintenance/cache.py
index 48da334..36b7fef 100755
--- a/scripts/maintenance/cache.py
+++ b/scripts/maintenance/cache.py
@@ -229,10 +229,10 @@
     """
     if not cache_path:
         cache_path = os.path.join(pywikibot.config.base_dir,
-                                  'apicache-py{:d}'.format(PYTHON_VERSION[0]))
+                                  f'apicache-py{PYTHON_VERSION[0]:d}')
if not os.path.exists(cache_path):
-        pywikibot.error('{}: no such file or directory'.format(cache_path))
+        pywikibot.error(f'{cache_path}: no such file or directory')
         return
if os.path.isdir(cache_path):
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@
     except Exception as e:
         pywikibot.error(e)
         pywikibot.error(
-            'Cannot compile {} command: {}'.format(name, command))
+            f'Cannot compile {name} command: {command}')
         return None
@@ -469,7 +469,7 @@
for cache_path in cache_paths:
         if len(cache_paths) > 1:
-            pywikibot.output('Processing {}'.format(cache_path))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Processing {cache_path}')
         process_entries(cache_path, filter_func, output_func=output_func,
                         action_func=action_func)
diff --git a/scripts/maintenance/colors.py b/scripts/maintenance/colors.py
index dd2463e..7a36606 100755
--- a/scripts/maintenance/colors.py
+++ b/scripts/maintenance/colors.py
@@ -32,9 +32,9 @@
                 line += ' '
                 line += '<<{color}>>{}<<default>>'.format(
                     fg_col.ljust(max_len_fg_colors),
-                    color='{};{}'.format(fg_col, bg_col))
+                    color=f'{fg_col};{bg_col}')
-            line = '{} {}'.format(bg_col.ljust(max_len_bc_color), line)
+            line = f'{bg_col.ljust(max_len_bc_color)} {line}'
             pywikibot.output(line)
pywikibot.output()
diff --git a/scripts/maintenance/make_i18n_dict.py b/scripts/maintenance/make_i18n_dict.py
index 6778d8b..5e9768b 100755
--- a/scripts/maintenance/make_i18n_dict.py
+++ b/scripts/maintenance/make_i18n_dict.py
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@
             if hasattr(self.script, msg):
                 self.messages[msg] = msg
             else:
-                print('message {} not found'.format(msg))
+                print(f'message {msg} not found')
         for new, old in kwargs.items():
             self.messages[old] = new.replace('_', '-')
         self.dict = {}
@@ -78,9 +78,9 @@
print('msg = {')
         for code in keys:
-            print("    '{}': {{".format(code))
+            print(f"    '{code}': {{")
             for msg in sorted(self.messages.values()):
-                label = '{}-{}'.format(self.scriptname, msg)
+                label = f'{self.scriptname}-{msg}'
                 if label in self.dict[code]:
                     print("        '{}': '{}',"
                           .format(label, self.dict[code][label]))
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@
         if newmsg is None:
             newmsg = oldmsg
         for code in keys:
-            label = '{}-{}'.format(self.scriptname, newmsg)
+            label = f'{self.scriptname}-{newmsg}'
             if code == 'qqq':
                 if code not in self.dict:
                     self.dict[code] = {}
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@
         if not os.path.exists(json_dir):
             os.makedirs(json_dir)
         for lang in self.dict:
-            file_name = os.path.join(json_dir, '{}.json'.format(lang))
+            file_name = os.path.join(json_dir, f'{lang}.json')
             if os.path.isfile(file_name):
                 with codecs.open(file_name, 'r', 'utf-8') as json_file:
                     new_dict = json.loads(json_file.read())
diff --git a/scripts/maintenance/sorting_order.py b/scripts/maintenance/sorting_order.py
index 0b21ca2..b515775 100755
--- a/scripts/maintenance/sorting_order.py
+++ b/scripts/maintenance/sorting_order.py
@@ -47,13 +47,13 @@
         return
pywikibot.output("The lists don't match, the new list is:")
-    text = '    {} = [\n'.format(list_name)
+    text = f'    {list_name} = [\n'
     line = ' ' * 7
     for code in new:
         if len(line) + len(code) >= 76:
             text += line + '\n'
             line = ' ' * 7
-        line += " '{}',".format(code)
+        line += f" '{code}',"
     text += line + '\n'
     text += '    ]'
     pywikibot.output(text)
diff --git a/scripts/maintenance/wikimedia_sites.py b/scripts/maintenance/wikimedia_sites.py
index eb4aa6a..06bcc6f 100755
--- a/scripts/maintenance/wikimedia_sites.py
+++ b/scripts/maintenance/wikimedia_sites.py
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@
     """Update family files."""
     ws = wikistats.WikiStats()
     for family in families or families_list:
-        pywikibot.output('\nChecking family {}:'.format(family))
+        pywikibot.output(f'\nChecking family {family}:')
original = Family.load(family).languages_by_size
         for code in exceptions.get(family, []):
@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@
             if len(line) + len(code) >= 76:
                 text += line + '\n'
                 line = ' ' * 7
-            line += " '{}',".format(code)
+            line += f" '{code}',"
         text += line + '\n'
         text += '    ]'
         pywikibot.output(text)
-        family_file_name = 'pywikibot/families/{}_family.py'.format(family)
+        family_file_name = f'pywikibot/families/{family}_family.py'
         with codecs.open(family_file_name, 'r', 'utf8') as family_file:
             family_text = family_file.read()
         family_text = re.sub(r'(?ms)^ {4}languages_by_size.+?]',
diff --git a/scripts/movepages.py b/scripts/movepages.py
index 3be9e3f..a69f47d 100755
--- a/scripts/movepages.py
+++ b/scripts/movepages.py
@@ -111,9 +111,9 @@
         def create_new_title_append(start, end, page, namespace=None):
             """Append helper function."""
             page_title = page.title(with_ns=False)
-            new_page_tite = '{}{}{}'.format(start, page_title, end)
+            new_page_tite = f'{start}{page_title}{end}'
             if namespace is not None:
-                new_page_tite = '{}:{}'.format(namespace, new_page_tite)
+                new_page_tite = f'{namespace}:{new_page_tite}'
             return new_page_tite
def create_new_title_regex(regex, replacement, page, namespace=None):
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@
             page_title = page.title(with_ns=False)
             new_page_title = regex.sub(replacement, page_title)
             if namespace is not None:
-                new_page_title = '{}:{}'.format(namespace, new_page_title)
+                new_page_title = f'{namespace}:{new_page_title}'
             return new_page_title
def manage_namespace(page):
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
         def create_new_title_prefix(prefix, page):
             """Replace prefix helper function."""
             page_title = page.title(with_ns=False)
-            return '{}{}'.format(prefix, page_title)
+            return f'{prefix}{page_title}'
if prefix:
             handler = partial(create_new_title_prefix, prefix)
@@ -247,21 +247,21 @@
             options[opt.replace('no', 'move', 1)] = False
         elif opt == 'from':
             if old_name:
-                pywikibot.warning('-from:{} without -to:'.format(old_name))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'-from:{old_name} without -to:')
             old_name = value
         elif opt == 'to':
             if old_name:
                 from_to_pairs.append([old_name, value])
                 old_name = None
             else:
-                pywikibot.warning('{} without -from'.format(arg))
+                pywikibot.warning(f'{arg} without -from')
         elif opt == 'prefix':
             options[opt] = value or pywikibot.input('Enter the prefix:')
         elif opt == 'summary':
             options[opt] = value or pywikibot.input('Enter the summary:')
if old_name:
-        pywikibot.warning('-from:{} without -to:'.format(old_name))
+        pywikibot.warning(f'-from:{old_name} without -to:')
site = pywikibot.Site()
diff --git a/scripts/newitem.py b/scripts/newitem.py
index e6469d3..ad5a7cd 100755
--- a/scripts/newitem.py
+++ b/scripts/newitem.py
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@
             pywikibot.error('Page {} is locked.'.format(
                 page.title(as_link=True)))
         except PageSaveRelatedError as e:
-            pywikibot.error('Page {} not saved:\n{}'.format(page, e.args))
+            pywikibot.error(f'Page {page} not saved:\n{e.args}')
def _callback(self, page, exc) -> None:
         if exc is None and self.opt.touch:
diff --git a/scripts/noreferences.py b/scripts/noreferences.py
index 59eb118..948bc9b 100755
--- a/scripts/noreferences.py
+++ b/scripts/noreferences.py
@@ -598,7 +598,7 @@
         # Set the edit summary for this case
         self.comment = i18n.twtranslate(self.site, 'noreferences-add-tag')
         for section in i18n.translate(self.site, referencesSections):
-            sectionR = re.compile(r'\r?\n=+ *{} *=+ *\r?\n'.format(section))
+            sectionR = re.compile(fr'\r?\n=+ *{section} *=+ *\r?\n')
             index = 0
             while index < len(oldText):
                 match = sectionR.search(oldText, index)
@@ -617,7 +617,7 @@
                         new_text = (
                             oldText[:match.end() - 1]
                             + templates_or_comments.sub(
-                                r'\1\n{}\n'.format(self.referencesText),
+                                fr'\1\n{self.referencesText}\n',
                                 oldText[match.end() - 1:]))
                         return new_text
                 else:
@@ -658,7 +658,7 @@
         # At the end, look at the length of the temp text. That's the position
         # where we'll insert the references section.
         catNamespaces = '|'.join(self.site.namespaces.CATEGORY)
-        categoryPattern = r'[[\s*({})\s*:[^\n]*]]\s*'.format(catNamespaces)
+        categoryPattern = fr'[[\s*({catNamespaces})\s*:[^\n]*]]\s*'
         interwikiPattern = r'[[([a-zA-Z-]+)\s?:([^[]\n]*)]]\s*'
         # won't work with nested templates
         # the negative lookahead assures that we'll match the last template
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@
         :return: the amended page text with reference section added
         """
         if self.site.code in noTitleRequired:
-            ref_section = '\n\n{}\n'.format(self.referencesText)
+            ref_section = f'\n\n{self.referencesText}\n'
         else:
             ref_section = '\n\n{ident} {title} {ident}\n{text}\n'.format(
                 title=i18n.translate(self.site, referencesSections)[0],
diff --git a/scripts/pagefromfile.py b/scripts/pagefromfile.py
index 05dc9e9..2f3554e 100755
--- a/scripts/pagefromfile.py
+++ b/scripts/pagefromfile.py
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@
import pywikibot
 from pywikibot import config, i18n
-from pywikibot.backports import Tuple, Iterator
+from pywikibot.backports import Iterator, Tuple
 from pywikibot.bot import CurrentPageBot, OptionHandler, SingleSiteBot
 from pywikibot.pagegenerators import PreloadingGenerator
 from pywikibot.tools.collections import GeneratorWrapper
@@ -207,7 +207,7 @@
         .. versionchanged:: 7.6
            changed from iterator method to generator property
         """
-        pywikibot.output("\n\nReading '{}'...".format(self.filename))
+        pywikibot.output(f"\n\nReading '{self.filename}'...")
         try:
             with codecs.open(self.filename, 'r',
                              encoding=config.textfile_encoding) as f:
@@ -301,7 +301,7 @@
         elif option in ('nocontent', 'summary'):
             options[option] = value
         else:
-            pywikibot.output('Disregarding unknown argument {}.'.format(arg))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Disregarding unknown argument {arg}.')
options['always'] = 'showdiff' not in options
@@ -309,7 +309,7 @@
     # User can quit.
     failed_filename = False
     while not os.path.isfile(filename):
-        pywikibot.output("\nFile '{}' does not exist. ".format(filename))
+        pywikibot.output(f"\nFile '{filename}' does not exist. ")
         _input = pywikibot.input(
             'Please enter the file name [q to quit]:')
         if _input == 'q':
diff --git a/scripts/parser_function_count.py b/scripts/parser_function_count.py
index df996e1..563efdd 100755
--- a/scripts/parser_function_count.py
+++ b/scripts/parser_function_count.py
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@
             .format(result=result)
             for result in self.results.most_common(self.opt.first))
         pywikibot.output(resultlist)
-        pywikibot.output('{} templates were found.'.format(len(self.results)))
+        pywikibot.output(f'{len(self.results)} templates were found.')
# File operations:
         if self.opt.save:
diff --git a/scripts/patrol.py b/scripts/patrol.py
index e26aa52..5d15203 100755
--- a/scripts/patrol.py
+++ b/scripts/patrol.py
@@ -358,10 +358,10 @@
                 linkedpages.append(linkedpage.title())
self.linkedpages = linkedpages
-            verbose_output('Loaded {} page links'.format(len(linkedpages)))
+            verbose_output(f'Loaded {len(linkedpages)} page links')
for p in self.linkedpages:
-            verbose_output("Checking against '{}'".format(p))
+            verbose_output(f"Checking against '{p}'")
             if page_title.startswith(p):
                 verbose_output('Matched.')
                 return True
@@ -389,7 +389,7 @@
             else:
                 yield page[1]
         if repeat:
-            pywikibot.output('Sleeping for {} seconds'.format(delay))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Sleeping for {delay} seconds')
             pywikibot.sleep(delay)
         else:
             break
@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@
     if usercontribs:
         user = pywikibot.User(site, usercontribs)
         if user.isAnonymous() or user.isRegistered():
-            pywikibot.output('Processing user: {}'.format(usercontribs))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Processing user: {usercontribs}')
         else:
             pywikibot.warning('User {} does not exist on site {}.'
                               .format(usercontribs, site))
diff --git a/scripts/protect.py b/scripts/protect.py
index 23f995a..b80d393 100755
--- a/scripts/protect.py
+++ b/scripts/protect.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@
             protections[option] = value
         else:
             if not gen_factory.handle_arg(arg):
-                raise ValueError('Unknown parameter "{}"'.format(arg))
+                raise ValueError(f'Unknown parameter "{arg}"')
             if value:
                 message_properties.update({'cat': value, 'page': value})
             if 'summary' not in options:
@@ -210,11 +210,11 @@
         if message_type == 'simple' or message_properties:
             if default_level == 'all':
                 options['summary'] = i18n.twtranslate(
-                    site, 'unprotect-{}'.format(message_type),
+                    site, f'unprotect-{message_type}',
                     message_properties)
             else:
                 options['summary'] = i18n.twtranslate(
-                    site, 'protect-{}'.format(message_type),
+                    site, f'protect-{message_type}',
                     message_properties)
generator = gen_factory.getCombinedGenerator()
diff --git a/scripts/redirect.py b/scripts/redirect.py
index 9029760..402c719 100755
--- a/scripts/redirect.py
+++ b/scripts/redirect.py
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
             readPagesCount += 1
             # always print status message after 10000 pages
             if readPagesCount % 10000 == 0:
-                pywikibot.output('{} pages read...'.format(readPagesCount))
+                pywikibot.output(f'{readPagesCount} pages read...')
             if self.opt.namespaces and pywikibot.Page(
                     self.site,
                     entry.title).namespace() not in self.opt.namespaces:
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@
                                             'pageids': apiQ})
             data = gen.submit()
             if 'error' in data:
-                raise RuntimeError('API query error: {}'.format(data))
+                raise RuntimeError(f'API query error: {data}')
             if data == [] or 'query' not in data:
                 raise RuntimeError('No results given.')
             pages = {}
@@ -435,7 +435,7 @@
pywikibot.warning(
             'No speedy deletion template {}available.'
-            .format('"{}" '.format(title) if title else ''))
+            .format(f'"{title}" ' if title else ''))
         return None
@property
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@
         :param summary_key: The message key for the deletion summary
         """
         assert page.site == self.current_page.site, (
-            'target page is on different site {}'.format(page.site))
+            f'target page is on different site {page.site}')
         reason = i18n.twtranslate(page.site, summary_key)
         if page.site.has_right('delete'):
             page.delete(reason, prompt=False)
@@ -490,9 +490,9 @@
             return page.getRedirectTarget()
         except (CircularRedirectError, RuntimeError) as e:
             pywikibot.error(e)
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping {}.'.format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping {page}.')
         except InterwikiRedirectPageError:
-            pywikibot.output('{} is on another site, skipping.'.format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f'{page} is on another site, skipping.')
         return None
def delete_1_broken_redirect(self) -> None:
@@ -583,7 +583,7 @@
                     .format(newRedir.title(as_link=True)))
             except UnsupportedPageError as e:
                 pywikibot.error(e)
-                pywikibot.output('Skipping {}.'.format(newRedir))
+                pywikibot.output(f'Skipping {newRedir}.')
                 break
             except NoPageError:
                 title = newRedir.title(as_link=True)
@@ -593,7 +593,7 @@
                         .format(title))
                     break  # skip if automatic
                 pywikibot.warning(
-                    "Redirect target {} doesn't exist.".format(title))
+                    f"Redirect target {title} doesn't exist.")
             except ServerError:
                 pywikibot.output('Skipping due to server error: '
                                  'No textarea found')
diff --git a/scripts/reflinks.py b/scripts/reflinks.py
index 7cfba8e..b0383c4 100755
--- a/scripts/reflinks.py
+++ b/scripts/reflinks.py
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@
         else:
             if '%s' in tag:
                 tag %= self.link
-            dead_link = '<ref{}>{}</ref>'.format(self.name, tag)
+            dead_link = f'<ref{self.name}>{tag}</ref>'
         return dead_link
def transform(self, ispdf: bool = False) -> None:
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@
# Fix references
         for groupname, references in found_refs.items():
-            group = 'group="{}" '.format(groupname) if groupname else ''
+            group = f'group="{groupname}" ' if groupname else ''
for ref, v in references.items():
                 if len(v[IX.reflist]) == 1 and not v[IX.change_needed]:
@@ -378,11 +378,11 @@
name = v[IX.name]
                 if not name:
-                    name = '"{}{}"'.format(self.autogen, next(free_number))
+                    name = f'"{self.autogen}{next(free_number)}"'
                 elif v[IX.quoted]:
-                    name = '"{}"'.format(name)
+                    name = f'"{name}"'
-                named = '<ref {}name={}>{}</ref>'.format(group, name, ref)
+                named = f'<ref {group}name={name}>{ref}</ref>'
                 text = text.replace(v[IX.reflist][0], named, 1)
# make sure that the first (named ref) is not removed later
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@
                 end = text[pos:]
# replace multiple identical references with repeated ref
-                repeated_ref = '<ref {}name={} />'.format(group, name)
+                repeated_ref = f'<ref {group}name={name} />'
                 for ref in v[IX.reflist][1:]:
                     # Don't replace inside templates (T266411)
                     end = replaceExcept(end, re.escape(ref), repeated_ref,
@@ -403,12 +403,12 @@
             # TODO : Support ref groups
             name = v[IX.name]
             if v[IX.reflist]:
-                name = '"{}"'.format(name)
+                name = f'"{name}"'
text = re.sub(
                 r'<ref name\s*=\s*(?P<quote>["']?)\s*{}\s*(?P=quote)\s*/>'
                 .format(ref),
-                '<ref name={} />'.format(name), text)
+                f'<ref name={name} />', text)
         return text
@@ -441,7 +441,7 @@
                 code = alt
                 break
         if code:
-            manual += '/{}'.format(code)
+            manual += f'/{code}'
if self.opt.summary:
             self.msg = self.opt.summary
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@
local = i18n.translate(self.site, badtitles)
         if local:
-            bad = '({}|{})'.format(globalbadtitles, local)
+            bad = f'({globalbadtitles}|{local})'
         else:
             bad = globalbadtitles
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@
                     # purposely removed
                     if r.status_code == HTTPStatus.GONE \
                        or (r.status_code == HTTPStatus.NOT_FOUND
-                           and '\t{}\t'.format(ref.url) in self.dead_links):
+                           and f'\t{ref.url}\t' in self.dead_links):
                         repl = ref.refDead()
                         new_text = new_text.replace(match.group(), repl)
                     continue
@@ -690,7 +690,7 @@
             if not ref.title:
                 repl = ref.refLink()
                 new_text = new_text.replace(match.group(), repl)
-                pywikibot.output('{} : No title found...'.format(ref.link))
+                pywikibot.output(f'{ref.link} : No title found...')
                 continue
if self.titleBlackList.match(ref.title):
diff --git a/scripts/replace.py b/scripts/replace.py
index 3825cae..fd25330 100755
--- a/scripts/replace.py
+++ b/scripts/replace.py
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@
         changes to the MediaWiki server, the edit summary includes the
         descriptions of each replacement that you applied to the page.
         """
-        return '-{} +{}'.format(self.old, self.new)
+        return f'-{self.old} +{self.new}'
@property
     def container(self):
@@ -647,7 +647,7 @@
             default_summary = comma.join(
                 '-{} +{}'.format(*default_summary)
                 for default_summary in default_summaries)
-            desc = {'description': ' ({})'.format(default_summary)}
+            desc = {'description': f' ({default_summary})'}
             summary_messages.insert(0, msg % desc)
semicolon = self.site.mediawiki_message('semicolon-separator')
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@
             return True
if not page.has_permission():
-            pywikibot.warning("You can't edit page {}".format(page))
+            pywikibot.warning(f"You can't edit page {page}")
             return True
return False
@@ -824,9 +824,9 @@
             # strip newlines, but not other characters
             replacements = f.read().splitlines()
         if not replacements:
-            raise OSError('{} is empty.'.format(filename))
+            raise OSError(f'{filename} is empty.')
     except OSError as e:
-        pywikibot.error('Error loading {}: {}'.format(filename, e))
+        pywikibot.error(f'Error loading {filename}: {e}')
         return None
if len(replacements) % 2:
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@
             single_summary = i18n.twtranslate(
                 site, 'replace-replacing',
                 {'description':
-                 ' (-{} +{})'.format(replacement.old, replacement.new)}
+                 f' (-{replacement.old} +{replacement.new})'}
             )
         replacements.append(replacement)
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@
             summary = None if len(replacement) < 3 else replacement[2]
             if not set_summary and not summary:
                 missing_fix_summaries.append(
-                    '"{}" (replacement #{})'.format(fix_name, index))
+                    f'"{fix_name}" (replacement #{index})')
             if chars.contains_invisible(replacement[0]):
                 pywikibot.warning('The old string "{}" contains formatting '
                                   'characters like U+200E'.format(
@@ -1063,7 +1063,7 @@
if len(fix['replacements']) == len(missing_fix_summaries):
             missing_fixes_summaries.append(
-                '"{}" (all replacements)'.format(fix_name))
+                f'"{fix_name}" (all replacements)')
         else:
             missing_fixes_summaries += missing_fix_summaries
diff --git a/scripts/replicate_wiki.py b/scripts/replicate_wiki.py
index bbfaf20..922969b 100755
--- a/scripts/replicate_wiki.py
+++ b/scripts/replicate_wiki.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@
         if options.namespace and 'help' in options.namespace:
             for namespace in self.original.namespaces.values():
                 pywikibot.output(
-                    '{} {}'.format(namespace.id, namespace.custom_name))
+                    f'{namespace.id} {namespace.custom_name}')
             sys.exit()
self.sites = [pywikibot.Site(s, family) for s in sites]
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@
def check_namespace(self, namespace) -> None:
         """Check an entire namespace."""
-        pywikibot.output('\nCHECKING NAMESPACE {}'.format(namespace))
+        pywikibot.output(f'\nCHECKING NAMESPACE {namespace}')
         pages = (p.title() for p in self.original.allpages(
             '!', namespace=namespace))
         for p in pages:
@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@
                                       .format(site.user()))
             output = '== Pages that differ from original ==\n\n'
             if self.differences[site]:
-                output += ''.join('* [[:{}]]\n'.format(page_title)
+                output += ''.join(f'* [[:{page_title}]]\n'
                                   for page_title in self.differences[site])
             else:
                 output += 'All important pages are the same'
@@ -206,11 +206,11 @@
                 if txt1 != txt_new:
                     pywikibot.output(
                         'NOTE: text replaced using config.sync_replace')
-                    pywikibot.output('{} {} {}'.format(txt1, txt_new, txt2))
+                    pywikibot.output(f'{txt1} {txt_new} {txt2}')
                     txt1 = txt_new
if txt1 != txt2:
-                pywikibot.output('\n {} DIFFERS'.format(site))
+                pywikibot.output(f'\n {site} DIFFERS')
                 self.differences[site].append(pagename)
if self.options.replace:
diff --git a/scripts/revertbot.py b/scripts/revertbot.py
index 1fa571a..a36b2f0 100755
--- a/scripts/revertbot.py
+++ b/scripts/revertbot.py
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@
rev = history[1]
-        pywikibot.output('\n\n>>> <<lightpurple>>{0}<<default>> <<<'
+        pywikibot.output('\n\n>>> <<lightpurple>>{}<<default>> <<<'
                          .format(page.title(as_link=True,
                                             force_interwiki=True,
                                             textlink=True)))
diff --git a/scripts/solve_disambiguation.py b/scripts/solve_disambiguation.py
index 4c818f6..c288748 100755
--- a/scripts/solve_disambiguation.py
+++ b/scripts/solve_disambiguation.py
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@
     """
     linkupper = link.title()
     linklower = first_lower(linkupper)
-    if '[[{}]]'.format(linklower) in text or '[[{}|'.format(linklower) in text:
+    if f'[[{linklower}]]' in text or f'[[{linklower}|' in text:
         return linklower
     return linkupper
@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@
         refs = list(self.page.getReferences(with_template_inclusion=False,
                                             namespaces=0 if self.main_only
                                             else None))
-        pywikibot.output('Found {} references.'.format(len(refs)))
+        pywikibot.output(f'Found {len(refs)} references.')
         # Remove ignorables
         site = self.page.site
         if site.family.name in ignore_title \
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
             pywikibot.output('Found only {} pages to work on; skipping.'
                              .format(len(refs)))
             return
-        pywikibot.output('Will work on {} pages.'.format(len(refs)))
+        pywikibot.output(f'Will work on {len(refs)} pages.')
         yield from refs
@@ -662,8 +662,8 @@
         for i, arg in enumerate(args):
             key = keys[i]
             issue_deprecation_warning(
-                'Positional argument {} ({})'.format(i + 1, arg),
-                'keyword argument "{}={}"'.format(key, arg),
+                f'Positional argument {i + 1} ({arg})',
+                f'keyword argument "{key}={arg}"',
                 since='6.0.0')
             if key in kwargs:
                 pywikibot.warning('{!r} is given as keyword argument {!r} '
@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@
             if key in keymap:
                 newkey = keymap[key]
                 issue_deprecation_warning(
-                    '{!r} argument of {}'.format(key, self.__class__.__name__),
+                    f'{key!r} argument of {self.__class__.__name__}',
                     repr(newkey), since='6.0.0')
                 kwargs[newkey] = kwargs.pop(key)
@@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@
                                                   trailing_chars)
                 elif replaceit or (new_page_title == link_text
                                    and not section):
-                    newlink = '[[{}]]'.format(new_page_title)
+                    newlink = f'[[{new_page_title}]]'
                 # check if we can create a link with trailing characters
                 # instead of a pipelink
                 elif (
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@
                 except LockedPageError:
                     pywikibot.output('Page not saved: page is locked')
                 except PageSaveRelatedError as error:
-                    pywikibot.output('Page not saved: {}'.format(error.args))
+                    pywikibot.output(f'Page not saved: {error.args}')
return 'done'
@@ -1199,7 +1199,7 @@
         new_targets = new_targets or []
         # make list of new targets
         comma = self.site.mediawiki_message('comma-separator')
-        targets = comma.join('[[{}]]'.format(page_title)
+        targets = comma.join(f'[[{page_title}]]'
                              for page_title in new_targets)
if not targets:
@@ -1271,7 +1271,7 @@
         if not self.findAlternatives(page):
             return
-        pywikibot.output('\nAlternatives for {}'.format(page))
+        pywikibot.output(f'\nAlternatives for {page}')
         self.makeAlternativesUnique()
         # sort possible choices
         if config.sort_ignore_case:
diff --git a/scripts/speedy_delete.py b/scripts/speedy_delete.py
index 272b5f7..b10a263 100755
--- a/scripts/speedy_delete.py
+++ b/scripts/speedy_delete.py
@@ -457,7 +457,7 @@
# skip this page
         else:
-            pywikibot.output('Skipping page {}'.format(page))
+            pywikibot.output(f'Skipping page {page}')
def setup(self) -> None:
         """Refresh generator."""
diff --git a/scripts/template.py b/scripts/template.py
index 9fc88f0..3e0d59e 100755
--- a/scripts/template.py
+++ b/scripts/template.py
@@ -120,7 +120,6 @@
     itergroup,
     roundrobin_generators,
 )
-
 from scripts.replace import ReplaceRobot as ReplaceBot
@@ -182,12 +181,12 @@
                                              'pagelist', ]
             elif self.opt.remove:
                 separate_line_regex = re.compile(
-                    r'^[*#:]* *{} *\n'.format(template_regex.pattern),
+                    fr'^[*#:]* *{template_regex.pattern} *\n',
                     re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
                 replacements.append((separate_line_regex, ''))
spaced_regex = re.compile(
-                    r' +{} +'.format(template_regex.pattern),
+                    fr' +{template_regex.pattern} +',
                     re.DOTALL)
                 replacements.append((spaced_regex, ' '))
diff --git a/scripts/templatecount.py b/scripts/templatecount.py
index f4c7ace..28100be 100755
--- a/scripts/templatecount.py
+++ b/scripts/templatecount.py
@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@
             for page in template_dict[key]:
                 pywikibot.stdout(page.title())
                 total += 1
-        pywikibot.output('Total page count: {}'.format(total))
+        pywikibot.output(f'Total page count: {total}')
         pywikibot.stdout('Report generated on {}'
                          .format(datetime.datetime.utcnow().isoformat()))
diff --git a/scripts/touch.py b/scripts/touch.py
index 596e792..115a900 100755
--- a/scripts/touch.py
+++ b/scripts/touch.py
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@
             pywikibot.error('Page {} is locked.'
                             .format(page.title(as_link=True)))
         except PageSaveRelatedError as e:
-            pywikibot.error('Page {} not saved:\n{}'.format(page, e.args))
+            pywikibot.error(f'Page {page} not saved:\n{e.args}')
         else:
             self.counter['touch'] += 1
diff --git a/scripts/transferbot.py b/scripts/transferbot.py
index ea13014..39a3196 100755
--- a/scripts/transferbot.py
+++ b/scripts/transferbot.py
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@
              'history': edithistpage.title(as_link=True,
                                            insite=targetpage.site)}
         )
-        text += '<noinclude>\n\n<small>{}</small></noinclude>'.format(note)
+        text += f'<noinclude>\n\n<small>{note}</small></noinclude>'
pywikibot.log('Getting edit history.')
         historytable = page.getVersionHistoryTable()
diff --git a/scripts/watchlist.py b/scripts/watchlist.py
index bd72dc8..22608d0 100755
--- a/scripts/watchlist.py
+++ b/scripts/watchlist.py
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@
def refresh(site):
     """Fetch the watchlist."""
-    pywikibot.output('Retrieving watchlist for {}.'.format(str(site)))
+    pywikibot.output(f'Retrieving watchlist for {str(site)}.')
     return list(site.watched_pages(force=True))
diff --git a/scripts/weblinkchecker.py b/scripts/weblinkchecker.py
index 34944f7..8f41b83 100755
--- a/scripts/weblinkchecker.py
+++ b/scripts/weblinkchecker.py
@@ -370,9 +370,9 @@
     def log(self, url, error, containing_page, archive_url) -> None:
         """Log an error report to a text file in the deadlinks subdirectory."""
         if archive_url:
-            error_report = '* {} ([{} archive])\n'.format(url, archive_url)
+            error_report = f'* {url} ([{archive_url} archive])\n'
         else:
-            error_report = '* {}\n'.format(url)
+            error_report = f'* {url}\n'
         for (page_title, date, error) in self.history_dict[url]:
             # ISO 8601 formulation
             iso_date = time.strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S', time.gmtime(date))
diff --git a/scripts/welcome.py b/scripts/welcome.py
index b1f3feb..1335a43 100755
--- a/scripts/welcome.py
+++ b/scripts/welcome.py
@@ -776,11 +776,11 @@
         """
         if user.is_blocked() or user.is_locked():
             self.show_status(Msg.SKIP)
-            pywikibot.output('{} has been blocked!'.format(user.username))
+            pywikibot.output(f'{user.username} has been blocked!')
elif 'bot' in user.groups():
             self.show_status(Msg.SKIP)
-            pywikibot.output('{} is a bot!'.format(user.username))
+            pywikibot.output(f'{user.username} is a bot!')
elif 'bot' in user.username.lower():
             self.show_status(Msg.SKIP)
@@ -848,7 +848,7 @@
             elif welcomed_count == 1:
                 count = 'One user has'
             else:
-                count = '{} users have'.format(welcomed_count)
+                count = f'{welcomed_count} users have'
             pywikibot.output(count + ' been welcomed.')
if welcomed_count >= globalvar.dump_to_log:
@@ -988,7 +988,7 @@
         elif arg in mapping:
             setattr(globalvar, *mapping[arg])
         else:
-            pywikibot.warning('Unknown option "{}"'.format(arg))
+            pywikibot.warning(f'Unknown option "{arg}"')
def main(*args: str) -> None:
diff --git a/tests/__init__.py b/tests/__init__.py
index f17f05a..1966c56 100644
--- a/tests/__init__.py
+++ b/tests/__init__.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
     """Return a function returning a path relative to the given directory."""
     func = functools.partial(base_func, subpath)
     func.path = base_func.path + '/' + subpath
-    func.__doc__ = 'Return a path relative to `{}/`.'.format(func.path)
+    func.__doc__ = f'Return a path relative to `{func.path}/`.'
     return func
diff --git a/tests/archivebot_tests.py b/tests/archivebot_tests.py
index 8593877..db1c67f 100755
--- a/tests/archivebot_tests.py
+++ b/tests/archivebot_tests.py
@@ -312,12 +312,12 @@
         try:
             archivebot.PageArchiver(page, tmpl_with_ns, '')
         except Error as e:
-            self.fail('PageArchiver() raised {}!'.format(e))
+            self.fail(f'PageArchiver() raised {e}!')
try:
             archivebot.PageArchiver(page, tmpl_without_ns, '')
         except Error as e:
-            self.fail('PageArchiver() raised {}!'.format(e))
+            self.fail(f'PageArchiver() raised {e}!')
def testLoadConfigInOtherNamespace(self):
         """Test loading of config with TEMPLATE_PAGE not in Template ns.
@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@
         try:
             archivebot.PageArchiver(page, tmpl_with_ns, '')
         except Error as e:
-            self.fail('PageArchiver() raised {}!'.format(e))
+            self.fail(f'PageArchiver() raised {e}!')
with self.assertRaises(archivebot.MissingConfigError):
             archivebot.PageArchiver(page, tmpl_without_ns, '')
diff --git a/tests/aspects.py b/tests/aspects.py
index 433c78a..b20b270 100644
--- a/tests/aspects.py
+++ b/tests/aspects.py
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@
         self.test_completed = time.time()
         duration = self.test_completed - self.test_start
         if duration > self.test_duration_warning_interval:
-            unittest_print(' {:.3f}s'.format(duration), end=' ')
+            unittest_print(f' {duration:.3f}s', end=' ')
             sys.stdout.flush()
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@
if first_len != second_len:
             msg = self._formatMessage(
-                msg, 'len({}) != {}'.format(safe_repr(seq), second_len))
+                msg, f'len({safe_repr(seq)}) != {second_len}')
             self.fail(msg)
def assertPageInNamespaces(self, page, namespaces):
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@
             namespaces = {namespaces}
self.assertIn(page.namespace(), namespaces,
-                      '{} not in namespace {!r}'.format(page, namespaces))
+                      f'{page} not in namespace {namespaces!r}')
def _get_gen_pages(self, gen, count=None, site=None):
         """
@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@
         """Set up test."""
         self.old_Site_lookup_method = pywikibot.Site
         pywikibot.Site = lambda *args: self.fail(
-            '{}: Site() not permitted'.format(self.__class__.__name__))
+            f'{self.__class__.__name__}: Site() not permitted')
super().setUp()
@@ -950,9 +950,9 @@
     def has_site_user(cls, family, code):
         """Check the user config has a user for the site."""
         if not family:
-            raise Exception('no family defined for {}'.format(cls.__name__))
+            raise Exception(f'no family defined for {cls.__name__}')
         if not code:
-            raise Exception('no site code defined for {}'.format(cls.__name__))
+            raise Exception(f'no site code defined for {cls.__name__}')
usernames = config.usernames
@@ -1396,9 +1396,9 @@
     @classmethod
     def _build_message(cls, deprecated, instead):
         if deprecated is not None:
-            msg = '{} is deprecated'.format(deprecated)
+            msg = f'{deprecated} is deprecated'
             if instead:
-                msg += '; use {} instead.'.format(instead)
+                msg += f'; use {instead} instead.'
         elif instead is None:
             msg = None
         elif instead is True:
@@ -1552,5 +1552,5 @@
         Otherwise, returns: httpbin.org
         """
         if hasattr(self, 'httpbin'):
-            return '{}:{}'.format(self.httpbin.host, self.httpbin.port)
+            return f'{self.httpbin.host}:{self.httpbin.port}'
         return 'httpbin.org'
diff --git a/tests/basesite_tests.py b/tests/basesite_tests.py
index 7d3f3e3..70b5869 100755
--- a/tests/basesite_tests.py
+++ b/tests/basesite_tests.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
         self.assertIsInstance(mysite.lang, str)
         self.assertEqual(mysite, pywikibot.Site(self.code, self.family))
         self.assertIsInstance(mysite.user(), (str, type(None)))
-        self.assertEqual(mysite.sitename, '{}:{}'.format(self.family, code))
+        self.assertEqual(mysite.sitename, f'{self.family}:{code}')
         self.assertIsInstance(mysite.linktrail(), str)
         self.assertIsInstance(mysite.redirect(), str)
diff --git a/tests/date_tests.py b/tests/date_tests.py
index a859b77..2adae3d 100755
--- a/tests/date_tests.py
+++ b/tests/date_tests.py
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@
for formatname in date.formats:
             cls.add_method(dct, 'test_' + formatname, test_method(formatname),
-                           doc_suffix='using {} format'.format(formatname))
+                           doc_suffix=f'using {formatname} format')
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)
diff --git a/tests/diff_tests.py b/tests/diff_tests.py
index 6ce8ca0..9c99123 100755
--- a/tests/diff_tests.py
+++ b/tests/diff_tests.py
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@
     # output messages expected during testing
     diff_message = ('<<lightred>>- old\n<<default>><<lightgreen>>+ '
                     'new\n<<default>>')
-    none_message = '<<lightpurple>>{0: ^50}<<default>>'.format('None.')
+    none_message = '<<lightpurple>>{: ^50}<<default>>'.format('None.')
     header_base = '\n<<lightpurple>>{0:*^50}<<default>>\n'
     headers = ['  ALL CHANGES  ', '  REVIEW CHANGES  ', '  APPROVED CHANGES  ']
     diff_by_letter_message = ('<<lightred>>- o\n<<default>>'
diff --git a/tests/djvu_tests.py b/tests/djvu_tests.py
index 1d3ed95..e4b82fc 100755
--- a/tests/djvu_tests.py
+++ b/tests/djvu_tests.py
@@ -34,13 +34,13 @@
     def test_repr_method(self):
         """Test __repr__() method."""
         djvu = DjVuFile(self.file_djvu)
-        expected = "pywikibot.tools.djvu.DjVuFile('{}')".format(self.file_djvu)
+        expected = f"pywikibot.tools.djvu.DjVuFile('{self.file_djvu}')"
         self.assertEqual(repr(djvu), expected)
def test_str_method(self):
         """Test __str__() method."""
         djvu = DjVuFile(self.file_djvu)
-        expected = "DjVuFile('{}')".format(self.file_djvu)
+        expected = f"DjVuFile('{self.file_djvu}')"
         self.assertEqual(str(djvu), expected)
def test_file_existence(self):
diff --git a/tests/dry_api_tests.py b/tests/dry_api_tests.py
index fdf7a12..c170f3e 100755
--- a/tests/dry_api_tests.py
+++ b/tests/dry_api_tests.py
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@
         self.assertFalse(self.req._expired(now))
         self.assertTrue(
             self.req._expired(now - datetime.timedelta(days=2)),
-            msg='\nreq.expiry: {}, now: {}'.format(self.req.expiry, now))
+            msg=f'\nreq.expiry: {self.req.expiry}, now: {now}')
def test_parameter_types(self):
         """Test _uniquedescriptionstr is identical using different ways."""
@@ -185,7 +185,7 @@
                 return 'MockSite()'
def __getattr__(self, attr):
-                raise Exception('Attribute {!r} not defined'.format(attr))
+                raise Exception(f'Attribute {attr!r} not defined')
self.mocksite = MockSite()
         super().setUp()
diff --git a/tests/edit_tests.py b/tests/edit_tests.py
index 05303ac..6fb8834 100755
--- a/tests/edit_tests.py
+++ b/tests/edit_tests.py
@@ -205,11 +205,11 @@
         self.assertTrue(self.site.logged_in())
         ts = str(time.time())
         p = pywikibot.Page(self.site,
-                           'User:{}/edit test'.format(self.site.username()))
+                           f'User:{self.site.username()}/edit test')
         p.site.editpage(p, appendtext=ts)
         revision_id = p.latest_revision_id
         p = pywikibot.Page(self.site,
-                           'User:{}/edit test'.format(self.site.username()))
+                           f'User:{self.site.username()}/edit test')
         self.assertEqual(revision_id, p.latest_revision_id)
         self.assertTrue(p.text.endswith(ts))
diff --git a/tests/eventstreams_tests.py b/tests/eventstreams_tests.py
index bafe316..7f69c9f 100755
--- a/tests/eventstreams_tests.py
+++ b/tests/eventstreams_tests.py
@@ -10,10 +10,9 @@
 from contextlib import suppress
 from unittest import mock
-from pywikibot import config, Site
+from pywikibot import Site, config
 from pywikibot.comms.eventstreams import EventSource, EventStreams
 from pywikibot.family import WikimediaFamily
-
 from tests.aspects import DefaultSiteTestCase, TestCase, require_modules
 from tests.utils import skipping
@@ -59,7 +58,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(e._url, e.sse_kwargs.get('url'))
         self.assertIsNone(e._total)
         self.assertEqual(e._streams, streams)
-        site_repr = 'site={}, '.format(repr(site)) if site != Site() else ''
+        site_repr = f'site={repr(site)}, ' if site != Site() else ''
         self.assertEqual(repr(e),
                          "EventStreams({}streams='{}')"
                          .format(site_repr, streams))
diff --git a/tests/file_tests.py b/tests/file_tests.py
index 8063d34..64294b1 100755
--- a/tests/file_tests.py
+++ b/tests/file_tests.py
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@
         self.assertFalse(commons_file.file_is_shared())
page_doesnt_exist_exc_regex = re.escape(
-            "Page [[commons:{}]] doesn't exist.".format(title))
+            f"Page [[commons:{title}]] doesn't exist.")
with self.assertRaisesRegex(
                 NoPageError,
diff --git a/tests/i18n_tests.py b/tests/i18n_tests.py
index 7d8fa6d..c8f6e0a 100755
--- a/tests/i18n_tests.py
+++ b/tests/i18n_tests.py
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@
             self.skipTest('Wrong content model {!r} for cosmetic_changes'
                           .format(page.content_model))
-        summary = 'Working on Test page at site {}'.format(self.site)
+        summary = f'Working on Test page at site {self.site}'
         msg = page._cosmetic_changes_hook(summary)
         self.assertEqual(msg, summary + '; cosmetic changes')
diff --git a/tests/link_tests.py b/tests/link_tests.py
index 91d7076..67cb233 100755
--- a/tests/link_tests.py
+++ b/tests/link_tests.py
@@ -415,7 +415,7 @@
             # switch code:family sequence en:wikipedia or wikipedia:en
             for first, second in [(family, code), (code, family)]:
                 with self.subTest(colon=colon,
-                                  site='{}:{}'.format(first, second)):
+                                  site=f'{first}:{second}'):
                     link_title = self.PATTERN.format(colon=colon,
                                                      first=first,
                                                      second=second,
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@
             # switch code:family sequence en:wikipedia or wikipedia:en
             for first, second in [(family, code), (code, family)]:
                 with self.subTest(colon=colon,
-                                  site='{}:{}'.format(first, second)):
+                                  site=f'{first}:{second}'):
                     link_title = self.PATTERN.format(colon=colon,
                                                      first=first,
                                                      second=second,
diff --git a/tests/linter_tests.py b/tests/linter_tests.py
index 9a402a5..2f8990a 100755
--- a/tests/linter_tests.py
+++ b/tests/linter_tests.py
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
         super().setUp()
         if not self.site.has_extension('Linter'):
             self.skipTest(
-                'The site {} does not use Linter extension'.format(self.site))
+                f'The site {self.site} does not use Linter extension')
def test_linter_pages(self):
         """Test the deprecated site.logpages() method."""
diff --git a/tests/logentries_tests.py b/tests/logentries_tests.py
index e4468c3..4798036 100755
--- a/tests/logentries_tests.py
+++ b/tests/logentries_tests.py
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@
             self.assertLess(self.site.mw_version, '1.25')
with skipping(StopIteration,
-                      msg='No entry found for {!r}'.format(logtype)):
+                      msg=f'No entry found for {logtype!r}'):
             le = next(self.site.logevents(logtype=logtype, total=1))
         return le
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@
# create test methods for the support logtype classes
         for logtype in LogEntryFactory._logtypes:
-            cls.add_method(dct, 'test_{}Entry'.format(logtype.title()),
+            cls.add_method(dct, f'test_{logtype.title()}Entry',
                            test_method(logtype))
return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)
diff --git a/tests/page_tests.py b/tests/page_tests.py
index cd7415e..32dfafb 100755
--- a/tests/page_tests.py
+++ b/tests/page_tests.py
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@
         for page in site.allpages(filterredir=True, total=1):
             break
         else:
-            self.skipTest('No redirect pages on site {!r}'.format(site))
+            self.skipTest(f'No redirect pages on site {site!r}')
         # This page is already initialised
         self.assertTrue(hasattr(page, '_isredir'))
         # call api.update_page without prop=info
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@
         """Test to capture actual Python result pre unicode_literals."""
         self.assertEqual(repr(self.page), "Page('Ō')")
         self.assertEqual('%r' % self.page, "Page('Ō')")
-        self.assertEqual('{!r}'.format(self.page), "Page('Ō')")
+        self.assertEqual(f'{self.page!r}', "Page('Ō')")
class TestPageBotMayEdit(TestCase):
diff --git a/tests/pagegenerators_tests.py b/tests/pagegenerators_tests.py
index 37f9cce..1545b5f 100755
--- a/tests/pagegenerators_tests.py
+++ b/tests/pagegenerators_tests.py
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
                                                       site=self.site)
         pages = []
         for p in gen:
-            p.text = 'This is the content of {} as a sample'.format(p.title())
+            p.text = f'This is the content of {p.title()} as a sample'
             pages.append(p)
         gen = pagegenerators.RegexBodyFilterPageGenerator(iter(pages), '/doc')
         self.assertPageTitlesEqual(gen,
@@ -1144,7 +1144,7 @@
# Get by pageids.
         gf = pagegenerators.GeneratorFactory(site=self.get_site())
-        gf.handle_arg('-pageid:{}'.format(pageids))
+        gf.handle_arg(f'-pageid:{pageids}')
         gen = gf.getCombinedGenerator()
         self.assertIsNotNone(gen)
         pages_from_pageid = list(gen)
@@ -1224,7 +1224,7 @@
                      'hiddencat', 'invalid_property'):
             if item in mysite.get_property_names():
                 gf = pagegenerators.GeneratorFactory()
-                gf.handle_arg('-property:{}'.format(item))
+                gf.handle_arg(f'-property:{item}')
                 gf.handle_arg('-limit:10')
                 gen = gf.getCombinedGenerator()
                 self.assertIsNotNone(gen)
@@ -1238,7 +1238,7 @@
                 with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                     mysite.pages_with_property(item)
                     self.fail(
-                        'NotImplementedError not raised for {}'.format(item))
+                        f'NotImplementedError not raised for {item}')
def test_empty_generator(self):
         """Test empty generator."""
@@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@
         super().setUpClass()
         cls.client = 'sseclient'
         if not has_module(cls.client):
-            raise unittest.SkipTest('{} is not available'.format(cls.client))
+            raise unittest.SkipTest(f'{cls.client} is not available')
def test_RC_pagegenerator_result(self):
         """Test RC pagegenerator."""
@@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@
for search, expected in cases:
             gf = pagegenerators.GeneratorFactory(site=self.site)
-            gf.handle_arg('-weblink:{}'.format(search))
+            gf.handle_arg(f'-weblink:{search}')
             gf.handle_arg('-ns:2')
             gf.handle_arg('-limit:1')
             gen = gf.getCombinedGenerator()
diff --git a/tests/paraminfo_tests.py b/tests/paraminfo_tests.py
index 0f26e3d..2b6d71d 100755
--- a/tests/paraminfo_tests.py
+++ b/tests/paraminfo_tests.py
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@
         """Perform check that a parameter matches the expected list."""
         with skipping(
             ValueError,
-                msg='Paraminfo for {} could not be loaded'.format(module)):
+                msg=f'Paraminfo for {module} could not be loaded'):
             param = site._paraminfo.parameter(module, parameter)
if not param or 'type' not in param:
             raise unittest.SkipTest(
-                'No defined values for {}.{}'.format(module, parameter))
+                f'No defined values for {module}.{parameter}')
         return param['type']
def _check_param_values(self, site, module, parameter, expected):
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@
         if self.site.mw_version >= '1.24':
             types.append('unread')
-        known = types + ['!{}'.format(item) for item in types]
+        known = types + [f'!{item}' for item in types]
self._check_param_subset(self.site, 'query+watchlist', 'show', known)
diff --git a/tests/patrolbot_tests.py b/tests/patrolbot_tests.py
index b69d404..aed5d9b 100755
--- a/tests/patrolbot_tests.py
+++ b/tests/patrolbot_tests.py
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@
         """Test parsing the page tuples from a dummy text."""
         tuples = self.bot.parse_page_tuples(DUMMY_PAGE_TUPLES)
         for gen_user in (1, 2):
-            user = 'Test {}'.format(gen_user)
+            user = f'Test {gen_user}'
             self.assertIn(user, tuples)
-            self.assertEqual(tuples[user], {'Page {}'.format(i * gen_user)
+            self.assertEqual(tuples[user], {f'Page {i * gen_user}'
                                             for i in range(1, 4)})
         self.assertIn('Prefixed', tuples)
         self.assertEqual(tuples['Prefixed'], {'Page 1', 'Page 2'})
diff --git a/tests/plural_tests.py b/tests/plural_tests.py
index e397d86..c5b721f 100755
--- a/tests/plural_tests.py
+++ b/tests/plural_tests.py
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
         for lang, rule in plural.plural_rules.items():
             cls.add_method(dct, 'test_{}'.format(lang.replace('-', '_')),
                            create_test(rule),
-                           doc_suffix='for "{}"'.format(lang))
+                           doc_suffix=f'for "{lang}"')
         return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)
diff --git a/tests/proofreadpage_tests.py b/tests/proofreadpage_tests.py
index ad2f675..47b6965 100755
--- a/tests/proofreadpage_tests.py
+++ b/tests/proofreadpage_tests.py
@@ -866,17 +866,17 @@
def test_has_valid_content_prefixed(self):
         """Test prefixing Index template is invalid."""
-        self.index.text = 'pre {}'.format(self.valid_template)
+        self.index.text = f'pre {self.valid_template}'
         self.assertFalse(self.index.has_valid_content())
def test_has_valid_content_postfixed(self):
         """Test postfixing Index template is invalid."""
-        self.index.text = '{}post'.format(self.valid_template)
+        self.index.text = f'{self.valid_template}post'
         self.assertFalse(self.index.has_valid_content())
def test_has_valid_content_pre_and_postfixed(self):
         """Test pre- and postfixing Index template is invalid."""
-        self.index.text = 'pre{}post'.format(self.valid_template)
+        self.index.text = f'pre{self.valid_template}post'
         self.assertFalse(self.index.has_valid_content())
def test_has_valid_content_second_template(self):
diff --git a/tests/pwb/print_env.py b/tests/pwb/print_env.py
index 37ae1f0..42701d1 100755
--- a/tests/pwb/print_env.py
+++ b/tests/pwb/print_env.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@
         # This only appears in subprocesses
         if k == 'PYWIKIBOT_DIR_PWB':
             continue
-        print('{}: {}'.format(k, v))
+        print(f'{k}: {v}')
print('sys.path:')
     for path in sys.path:
diff --git a/tests/pwb/print_locals.py b/tests/pwb/print_locals.py
index 88f21e6..538f624 100755
--- a/tests/pwb/print_locals.py
+++ b/tests/pwb/print_locals.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@
         if k == '__file__':
             print('__file__: ' + os.path.join('.', os.path.relpath(__file__)))
         else:
-            print('{}: {}'.format(k, v))
+            print(f'{k}: {v}')
if __name__ == '__main__':
diff --git a/tests/pwb_tests.py b/tests/pwb_tests.py
index 69f335f..268db5b 100755
--- a/tests/pwb_tests.py
+++ b/tests/pwb_tests.py
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@
             text = stderr.readline().strip()
             self.assertTrue(
                 text.startswith(result[1]),
-                msg='"{}" does not start with "{}"'.format(text, result[1]))
+                msg=f'"{text}" does not start with "{result[1]}"')
         with self.subTest(line=2):
             self.assertEqual(stderr.readline().strip(), result[2])
diff --git a/tests/replacebot_tests.py b/tests/replacebot_tests.py
index 203b5e9..531ff01 100755
--- a/tests/replacebot_tests.py
+++ b/tests/replacebot_tests.py
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@
                                offset)
         if msg:
             self.assertEqual(replacement.edit_summary,
-                             'M{}'.format(offset + 1))
+                             f'M{offset + 1}')
         else:
             self.assertIs(replacement.edit_summary,
                           replacement.fix_set.edit_summary)
diff --git a/tests/site_generators_tests.py b/tests/site_generators_tests.py
index 39516de..95b2204 100644
--- a/tests/site_generators_tests.py
+++ b/tests/site_generators_tests.py
@@ -20,11 +20,7 @@
 )
 from pywikibot.tools import suppress_warnings
 from tests import WARN_SITE_CODE, unittest_print
-from tests.aspects import (
-    DefaultSiteTestCase,
-    DeprecationTestCase,
-    TestCase,
-)
+from tests.aspects import DefaultSiteTestCase, DeprecationTestCase, TestCase
 from tests.utils import skipping
@@ -633,7 +629,7 @@
                 with self.assertRaises(NotImplementedError):
                     mysite.pages_with_property(item)
                     self.fail(
-                        'NotImplementedError not raised for {}'.format(item))
+                        f'NotImplementedError not raised for {item}')
def test_unconnected(self):
         """Test site.unconnected_pages method."""
@@ -767,7 +763,7 @@
         page = pywikibot.Page(mysite, mysite.siteinfo['mainpage'])
         with skipping(
             StopIteration,
-                msg='No images on the main page of site {!r}'.format(mysite)):
+                msg=f'No images on the main page of site {mysite!r}'):
             imagepage = next(page.imagelinks())  # 1st image of page
unittest_print('site_tests.TestImageUsage found {} on {}'
@@ -2201,7 +2197,7 @@
         for count, page in enumerate(gen):
             self.assertIsInstance(page, pywikibot.Page)
             self.assertIsInstance(page.exists(), bool)
-            self.assertFalse(page.exists(), 'page {} exists'.format(page))
+            self.assertFalse(page.exists(), f'page {page} exists')
             if count >= 5:
                 break
diff --git a/tests/site_tests.py b/tests/site_tests.py
index e2326b1..354e4dc 100755
--- a/tests/site_tests.py
+++ b/tests/site_tests.py
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@
     def test_repr(self):
         """Test __repr__."""
         code = self.site.family.obsolete.get(self.code) or self.code
-        expect = 'Site("{}", "{}")'.format(code, self.family)
+        expect = f'Site("{code}", "{self.family}")'
         self.assertTrue(repr(self.site).endswith(expect))
def test_constructors(self):
@@ -251,7 +251,7 @@
         mysite = self.get_site()
         if mysite.lang != 'en':
             self.skipTest(
-                'English-specific tests not valid on {}'.format(mysite))
+                f'English-specific tests not valid on {mysite}')
self.assertEqual(mysite.months_names[4], ('May', 'May'))
         self.assertEqual(mysite.list_to_text(('Pride', 'Prejudice')),
@@ -381,7 +381,7 @@
             break
         else:
             self.skipTest(
-                '{} contains no deleted revisions.'.format(mainpage))
+                f'{mainpage} contains no deleted revisions.')
         self.assertLessEqual(len(dr['revisions']), 10)
         for rev in dr['revisions']:
             self.assertIsInstance(rev, dict)
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@
         for data in gen:
             break
         else:
-            self.skipTest('{} does not have deleted edits.'.format(myuser))
+            self.skipTest(f'{myuser} does not have deleted edits.')
         self.assertIn('revisions', data)
         for drev in data['revisions']:
             for key in ('revid', 'timestamp', 'user', 'comment'):
diff --git a/tests/textlib_tests.py b/tests/textlib_tests.py
index adf4e4a..343ae8c 100755
--- a/tests/textlib_tests.py
+++ b/tests/textlib_tests.py
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@
                     return pywikibot.Link(
                         '{}#{}'
                         .format(self._count, link.section), link.site)
-                return pywikibot.Link('{}'.format(self._count), link.site)
+                return pywikibot.Link(f'{self._count}', link.site)
return None
@@ -1276,18 +1276,18 @@
     def test_replace_tag_category(self):
         """Test replacing not inside category links."""
         for ns_name in self.site.namespaces[14]:
-            self.assertEqual(textlib.replaceExcept('[[{}:x]]'.format(ns_name),
+            self.assertEqual(textlib.replaceExcept(f'[[{ns_name}:x]]',
                                                    'x', 'y', ['category'],
                                                    site=self.site),
-                             '[[{}:x]]'.format(ns_name))
+                             f'[[{ns_name}:x]]')
def test_replace_tag_file(self):
         """Test replacing not inside file links."""
         for ns_name in self.site.namespaces[6]:
-            self.assertEqual(textlib.replaceExcept('[[{}:x]]'.format(ns_name),
+            self.assertEqual(textlib.replaceExcept(f'[[{ns_name}:x]]',
                                                    'x', 'y', ['file'],
                                                    site=self.site),
-                             '[[{}:x]]'.format(ns_name))
+                             f'[[{ns_name}:x]]')
self.assertEqual(
             textlib.replaceExcept(
diff --git a/tests/token_tests.py b/tests/token_tests.py
index f94bdaa..5ba8cef 100755
--- a/tests/token_tests.py
+++ b/tests/token_tests.py
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@
             raise
if hasattr(mysite, '_patroldisabled') and mysite._patroldisabled:
-            self.skipTest('Patrolling is disabled on {} wiki.'.format(mysite))
+            self.skipTest(f'Patrolling is disabled on {mysite} wiki.')
result = result[0]
         self.assertIsInstance(result, dict)
diff --git a/tests/ui_options_tests.py b/tests/ui_options_tests.py
index fed1970..d397329 100755
--- a/tests/ui_options_tests.py
+++ b/tests/ui_options_tests.py
@@ -96,9 +96,9 @@
         self.assertFalse(option.test('r6'))
         self.assertIsNone(option.handled('r6'))
         for i in range(1, 6):
-            self.assertTrue(option.test('r{}'.format(i)))
-            self.assertEqual(option.handled('r{}'.format(i)), option)
-            self.assertEqual(option.result('r{}'.format(i)), ('r', i))
+            self.assertTrue(option.test(f'r{i}'))
+            self.assertEqual(option.handled(f'r{i}'), option)
+            self.assertEqual(option.result(f'r{i}'), ('r', i))
def test_List(self):
         """Test ListOption."""
@@ -132,12 +132,12 @@
         for prefix in ('', 'r', 'st'):
             option = bot.ListOption(options, prefix=prefix)
             self.assertEqual(message('?', [option]),
-                             '? ({}<number> [1-3])'.format(prefix))
+                             f'? ({prefix}<number> [1-3])')
             for i, elem in enumerate(options, 1):
-                self.assertTrue(option.test('{}{}'.format(prefix, i)))
+                self.assertTrue(option.test(f'{prefix}{i}'))
                 self.assertIs(option.handled('{}{}'
                                              .format(prefix, i)), option)
-                self.assertEqual(option.result('{}{}'.format(prefix, i)),
+                self.assertEqual(option.result(f'{prefix}{i}'),
                                  (prefix, elem))
             self.assertFalse(option.test('{}{}'
                                          .format(prefix, len(options) + 1)))
diff --git a/tests/ui_tests.py b/tests/ui_tests.py
index cf750fa..7856f1c 100755
--- a/tests/ui_tests.py
+++ b/tests/ui_tests.py
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@
         self.assertEqual(self.strout.getvalue(), '')
         self.assertEqual(
             self.strerr.getvalue(),
-            ''.join('{}: {}\n'.format(num, items)
+            ''.join(f'{num}: {items}\n'
                     for num, items in enumerate(options, start=1))
             + 'question (default: 2): ')
         self.assertEqual(rv, 'answer 2')
diff --git a/tests/utils.py b/tests/utils.py
index e9031dc..397552d 100644
--- a/tests/utils.py
+++ b/tests/utils.py
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
 from pywikibot.exceptions import APIError
 from pywikibot.login import LoginStatus
 from pywikibot.site import Namespace
-
 from tests import _pwb_py
@@ -501,7 +500,7 @@
     if overrides:
         command.append('-c')
         overrides = '; '.join(
-            '{} = {}'.format(key, value) for key, value in overrides.items())
+            f'{key} = {value}' for key, value in overrides.items())
         command.append(
             'import pwb; import pywikibot; {}; pwb.main()'
             .format(overrides))
-- 
To view, visit https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/pywikibot/core/+/835290
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Gerrit-Project: pywikibot/core
Gerrit-Branch: master
Gerrit-Change-Id: I1d9532fa1b9553e3dc90a2bf25f11a2f07b89431
Gerrit-Change-Number: 835290
Gerrit-PatchSet: 1
Gerrit-Owner: JJMC89 JJMC89.Wikimedia@gmail.com
Gerrit-Reviewer: JJMC89 JJMC89.Wikimedia@gmail.com
Gerrit-Reviewer: jenkins-bot
Gerrit-MessageType: merged



    