The Battle of Bergerac was fought between Anglo-Gascon and French forces
at the town of Bergerac in Gascony, in August 1345 during the early
phase of the Hundred Years' War. In early 1345 Edward III of England
launched a major attack on the French from the north. He sent smaller
forces to Gascony, which was economically important to the English war
effort, and to Brittany. Henry of Grosmont, Earl of Derby, arrived in
Gascony in August; breaking with the previous policy of cautious
advance, he struck directly for the largest French concentration at
Bergerac. He took French forces under Bertrand I of L'Isle-Jourdain and
Henri de Montigny by surprise and defeated them. The French suffered
heavy casualties and the loss of the town, a significant strategic
setback. This defeat, along with the Battle of Auberoche later in the
year, changed the military balance of power in the region and led to the
collapse of the French position. (This article is part of a featured
topic: Gascon campaign of 1345.).
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_topics/Gascon_campaign_of_…>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1843:
B'nai B'rith, the world's oldest continually operating Jewish
service organization, was founded in New York City.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%27nai_B%27rith>
1921:
The Soviet republics of Russia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and
Georgia signed the Treaty of Kars with the Grand National Assembly of
Turkey, establishing contemporary borders between Turkey and the
Caucasian states.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Kars>
1961:
Newly elected Burundian prime minister Louis Rwagasore was
assassinated by his political rivals.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Rwagasore>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
hogshead:
1. (Britain) An English measure of capacity for liquids, containing 63
wine gallons, or about 52½ imperial gallons; a half pipe.
2. A large barrel or cask of indefinite contents, especially one
containing from 100 to 140 gallons.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hogshead>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
The conservative is a person who considers very closely every
chance, even the longest, of "throwing out the baby with the bath-
water," as the German proverb puts it, and who determines his conduct
accordingly. And so we see that the term conservative has little value
as a label; in fact, one might say that its label-value varies inversely
with one's right to wear it.
--Albert Jay Nock
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Jay_Nock>
United States v. Washington was a case heard in the U.S. District Court
for the Western District of Washington and the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court
of Appeals. It reaffirmed the right of American Indian tribes in the
State of Washington to act with the state as co-managers of salmon and
other fish in line with treaties signed by the U.S. with the tribes. The
tribes of Washington had ceded their land, but reserved the right to
fish using traditional methods (example pictured), including at
traditional locations off the designated reservations. A 1974 decision
by federal judge George Boldt held that the tribes were entitled to half
the catch each year. In 1975 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld
this ruling, and in 1976 the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the
case. When the state refused to enforce the court order, Boldt ordered
the Coast Guard to enforce his rulings. In a later case, Justice John
Paul Stevens summarized: "Both sides have a right, secured by treaty, to
take a fair share of the available fish." (Full article...).
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Washington>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1799:
Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin became the first woman to make a
parachute descent, falling 900 m (3,000 ft) in a hot-air balloon
gondola.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Genevi%C3%A8ve_Garnerin>
1871:
The Criminal Tribes Act entered into force in British India,
giving law enforcement sweeping powers to arrest, control, and monitor
the movements of the members of ethnic or social communities that were
defined as "habitually criminal".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Tribes_Act>
1984:
The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a bomb at the
Grand Hotel in Brighton, England, in a failed attempt to assassinate
British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and most of her cabinet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
mantilla:
1. A lace veil of Spanish origin worn over a woman's hair and shoulders.
2. A woman's light cloak or cape made of silk, velvet, lace, or other
material.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mantilla>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
If children are not introduced to music at an early age, I
believe something fundamental is actually being taken from them.
--Luciano Pavarotti
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti>
"Home", the second episode of the fourth season of the American science
fiction television series The X-Files, originally aired on the Fox
network on October 11, 1996. Directed by Kim Manners and written by
Glen Morgan and James Wong, it is a "monster-of-the-week" story,
unconnected to the overarching mythology of The X-Files. Watched by
18.85 million viewers, the initial broadcast had a Nielsen rating of
11.9. The series centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder (David
Duchovny) and Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson), who work on cases linked
to the paranormal. In this episode, Mulder and Scully investigate the
death of a baby born with severe physical defects. While in the isolated
town of Home, Pennsylvania, they meet a family of deformed farmers who
have not left their home in a decade. "Home" was the first episode of
the series to receive a viewer discretion warning for graphic content.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_%28The_X-Files%29>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1531:
Swiss Reformation leader Huldrych Zwingli was killed in battle
when Zürich forces were attacked by Catholic cantons in response to a
food blockade being applied by his alliance.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli>
1840:
Bashir Shihab II surrendered to the Ottoman Empire and was
removed as Emir of Mount Lebanon after an imperial decree by Sultan
Abdülmecid I.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashir_Shihab_II>
1937:
Edward, Duke of Windsor, and Wallis, Duchess of Windsor,
arrived at Friedrichstraße station in Berlin to begin their tour of
Germany.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_and_Duchess_of_Windsor%27s_1937_tour_of_…>
1991:
During the confirmation hearings upon the nomination of
Clarence Thomas to the Supreme Court of the United States, Anita Hill
testified that he had sexually harassed her several years previous.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Hill>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
oology:
1. (ornithology) The study of birds' eggs.
2. The hobby or practice of collecting birds' eggs, especially those of
wild birds.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oology>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
It isn't enough to talk about peace. One must believe in it. And
it isn't enough to believe in it. One must work at it.
--Eleanor Roosevelt
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt>
Hurricane Rosa brought widespread flooding to northwestern Mexico and
the Southwestern United States in late September 2018, leading to one
death in Mexico and two in the U.S. state of Arizona. Rosa originated
from an Atlantic tropical wave that crossed the West African coast on
September 6. The wave proceeded westward across the Atlantic,
traversing Central America before entering the Gulf of Tehuantepec on
September 22. It became a tropical storm three days later. Rosa entered
a period of rapid intensification on the 27th, peaking as a Category 4
hurricane with maximum sustained winds of 150 mph (240 km/h) a day
later. It thereafter weakened, making landfall in Baja California as a
tropical depression on October 2, and split apart by the following day.
There were tropical storm watches and warnings along the coast of Baja
California, but the impact of Rosa was relatively minor, due to the
weakness of the storm by the time it made landfall. (This article is
part of a featured topic: 2018 Pacific hurricane season.).
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_topics/2018_Pacific_hurric…>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1846:
English astronomer William Lassell discovered Triton, the
largest moon of Neptune.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triton_%28moon%29>
1933:
In the first proven act of sabotage in the history of
commercial aviation, a Boeing 247 operated by United Airlines exploded
in mid-air near Chesterton, Indiana, killing all seven people aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1933_United_Airlines_Boeing_247_mid-air_explo…>
1943:
World War II: The Kenpeitai, the military police arm of the
Imperial Japanese Army, arrested and tortured fifty-seven civilians and
civilian internees on suspicion of their involvement in a raid on
Singapore Harbour during Operation Jaywick.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Tenth_incident>
1967:
The Outer Space Treaty, a treaty that forms the basis of
international space law, entered into force.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_Space_Treaty>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
nide:
(archaic) A nest of pheasants.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nide>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
The Norwegian Nobel Committee has decided to award the Nobel
Peace Prize for 2021 to Maria Ressa and Dmitry Muratov for their efforts
to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for
democracy and lasting peace. Ms Ressa and Mr Muratov are receiving the
Peace Prize for their courageous fight for freedom of expression in the
Philippines and Russia. At the same time, they are representatives of
all journalists who stand up for this ideal in a world in which
democracy and freedom of the press face increasingly adverse conditions.
--Norwegian Nobel Committee
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee>
The eastern brown snake (Pseudonaja textilis) is a highly venomous snake
of the family Elapidae, native to eastern and central Australia and
southern New Guinea. Up to 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) long with a slender
build, it has variable upperparts, pale brown to almost black, and a
pale cream-yellow underside, often with orange or grey splotches. It was
first described by André Marie Constant Duméril in 1854. The eastern
brown snake is found in many habitats, though not in dense forests. It
has become more common in farmland and on the outskirts of urban areas,
preying mainly on the introduced house mouse. It is considered the
world's second-most venomous land snake after the inland taipan, based
on the toxicity of its venom in mice; as a genus, brown snakes were
responsible for 15 of the 19 snakebite fatalities in Australia between
2005 and 2015. The venom mainly affects the circulatory system, causing
bleeding, cardiovascular collapse and cardiac arrest.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_brown_snake>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1888:
The Washington Monument in Washington, D.C., at the time the
world's tallest building, officially opened to the general public.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Monument>
1913:
Carrying a cargo hold full of highly flammable chemicals, the
ocean liner SS Volturno caught fire in the north Atlantic and sank,
resulting in 136 deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Volturno_%281906%29>
1986:
The Phantom of the Opera, a musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber and
currently the longest-running Broadway show in history, opened in
London's West End.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phantom_of_the_Opera_%281986_musical%29>
2019:
Syrian civil war: Turkish forces began an offensive into north-
eastern Syria following the withdrawal of U.S. troops from the region.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Turkish_offensive_into_north-eastern_Syr…>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
style:
1. (transitive) To call or give a name or title to.
2. (transitive) To create for, or give to, someone a style, fashion, or
image, particularly one which is regarded as attractive, tasteful, or
trendy.
3. (intransitive, US, informal) To act in a way which seeks to show that
one possesses style.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/style>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
We are dissipating superstition, ignorance and fear. We are
forging courage, will and knowledge. Every striving toward
enlightenment is welcome. Every prejudice, caused by ignorance, is
exposed.
--Nicholas Roerich
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich>
Accolade, Inc. was an American game developer and publisher based in San
Jose, California. The company was founded in 1984 by Alan Miller and Bob
Whitehead, who had previously co-founded Activision. Accolade became
known for its sports franchises, including HardBall!, Jack Nicklaus, and
Test Drive. By the 1990s, Accolade saw critical acclaim for Star
Control, as well as strong sales for Bubsy. However, Sega sued Accolade
for creating unauthorized Sega Genesis games by reverse-engineering the
console. Accolade won the case on appeal, overturning an injunction that
had interrupted their sales. The founders soon left the company and a
new chief executive, Peter Harris, attracted new investment. He was
replaced by Accolade president Jim Barrett, who focused on existing
franchises to secure the company's future, which led to a mix of modest
successes and commercial disappointments. In 1999, Accolade was
purchased by Infogrames, who absorbed them into their operations soon
after.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accolade_%28company%29>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1871:
Five large fires broke out in the United States, including the
Great Chicago Fire in Illinois and the Peshtigo fire in Wisconsin, the
latter being the deadliest in U.S. history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshtigo_fire>
1904:
The Canadian city of Edmonton, Alberta (Downtown Edmonton
pictured), was incorporated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton>
1952:
Three trains collided at Harrow & Wealdstone station in London,
killing 112 people and injuring 340 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrow_and_Wealdstone_rail_crash>
2019:
Anti-government protests calling for free and fair elections
began in Baku, Azerbaijan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Baku_protests>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
dojo:
1. (martial arts) A training facility, usually led by one or more
sensei; a hall or room used for such training.
2. (by extension) A room or other facility used for other activities,
such as meditation or software development.
3. (sumo) Synonym of dohyo (“the ring in which a sumo wrestling match is
held”) [...]
4. The dojo loach, Japanese weather loach, or pond loach (Misgurnus
anguillicaudatus), a freshwater fish native to East Asia.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dojo>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Respect for the truth comes close to being the basis for all
morality.
--Dune
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Dune#Dune_%281965%29>
Cullen House is the former seat of the Earls of Seafield near the
coastal town of Cullen in Moray, Scotland. Initially built in 1600, it
has been extended and remodelled several times by prominent architects
such as James Adam, John Adam, and David Bryce, and has been described
by the architectural historian Charles McKean as "one of the grandest
houses in Scotland". The house was taken by the Marquess of Montrose in
1645 during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, and it was sacked by
Jacobite forces during the rising of 1745, shortly before their defeat
at the Battle of Culloden. The village of Cullen was mostly demolished
in the 1820s to make way for expansion of the gardens by the 5th Earl of
Seafield. The building deteriorated during the twentieth century, and in
1982 Ian Ogilvie-Grant sold it to Kit Martin, who worked to save the
structure while dividing it into fourteen individual dwellings, still in
use today. Further restoration was needed after a serious fire broke out
in 1987.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cullen_House>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1800:
French privateer Robert Surcouf led a 150-man crew to capture
the 40-gun, 437-man East Indiaman Kent.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Surcouf>
1849:
American writer Edgar Allan Poe died under mysterious
circumstances at Washington Medical College four days after being found
on the streets of Baltimore, Maryland, in a delirious and incoherent
state.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Edgar_Allan_Poe>
1944:
The Holocaust: Sonderkommando work-unit members in Auschwitz
concentration camp revolted upon learning that they were due to be
killed; although a few managed to escape, most were massacred on the
same day.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonderkommando>
1991:
Croatian War of Independence: The Yugoslav People's Army
conducted an air strike on Banski dvori, the official residence of the
president of Croatia in Zagreb.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombing_of_Banski_dvori>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
machicolation:
1. (architecture) An opening between corbels that support a projecting
parapet, or in the floor of a gallery or the roof of a portal, of a
fortified building from which missiles can be shot or heated items
dropped upon assailants attacking the base of the walls.
2. (architecture) A projecting parapet with a series of such openings.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/machicolation>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
I consider those developments in physics during the last decades
which have shown how problematical such concepts as "objective" and
"subjective" are, a great liberation of thought.
--Niels Bohr
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr>
The Long Island Tercentenary half dollar is a commemorative coin struck
by the United States Bureau of the Mint in 1936. The obverse (pictured)
depicts a male Dutch settler and an Algonquian tribesman, and the
reverse shows a Dutch sailing ship. It was designed by Howard Weinman,
son of Mercury dime designer Adolph A. Weinman. The Long Island
Tercentenary Committee wanted a coin to mark the 300th anniversary of
the first European settlement there. The authorizing bill passed through
Congress without opposition, but was amended in the Senate to add
protections against past commemorative coin abuses, such as low mintages
or a multiplicity of varieties. The coins were not struck until August
1936, too late for the anniversary celebrations. Four-fifths of the
100,000 coins sent to the Tercentenary Committee were sold, despite a
lack of advertising. The half dollar now catalogues up to the low
hundreds of dollars.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Tercentenary_half_dollar>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1762:
Seven Years' War: The Battle of Manila concluded with a British
victory over Spain, leading to a twenty-month occupation.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_%281762%29>
1927:
The Jazz Singer (poster pictured), one of the first feature-
length motion pictures with a synchronized recorded music score, was
released.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Jazz_Singer>
1976:
Two bombs placed by the CIA-linked Cuban dissident group
Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations exploded on Cubana
Flight 455, killing all 73 aboard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordination_of_United_Revolutionary_Organiza…>
1985:
Police constable Keith Blakelock was killed during rioting in
the Broadwater Farm housing estate in Tottenham, London.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Keith_Blakelock>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
evert:
1. (transitive, often biology, physiology) To turn inside out (like a
pocket being emptied) or outwards.
2. (transitive, obsolete) To move (someone or something) out of the way.
3. (transitive, obsolete, also figuratively) To turn upside down; to
overturn.
4. (transitive, intransitive, obsolete, also figuratively) To disrupt;
to overthrow.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/evert>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Nation states are archaic leftovers from when each man feared the
tribe over the hill, an attitude we can’t afford anymore.
--David Brin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Brin>
Tecumseh (c. 1768 – October 5, 1813) was a Shawnee chief and
warrior who promoted resistance to the expansion of the United States
onto Native American lands. During Tecumseh's childhood, the Shawnee
lost territory to the American colonies in a series of border conflicts.
A persuasive orator, Tecumseh traveled widely, forming a Native American
confederacy and promoting tribal unity. He proclaimed that Native
Americans owned their lands in common, and urged tribes not to cede more
territory unless all agreed. In the War of 1812, Tecumseh joined his
cause with the British, recruiting warriors and helping to capture
Detroit in 1812. In 1813, he retreated with the British into Upper
Canada, where American forces engaged them at the Battle of the Thames,
in which Tecumseh was killed. His death led to the collapse of his
confederacy, but he became an iconic folk hero in American, Indigenous,
and Canadian history.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1869:
During construction of the Eastman tunnel in St. Anthony,
Minnesota (now Minneapolis), the Mississippi River broke through the
tunnel's limestone ceiling, nearly destroying Saint Anthony Falls.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastman_tunnel>
1903:
Samuel Griffith became the first Chief Justice of Australia,
while Edmund Barton and Richard O'Connor became the first Puisne
Justices of the High Court of Australia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Edward_O%27Connor>
1973:
Seven nations signed the European Patent Convention, providing
an autonomous legal system according to which European patents are
granted.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Patent_Convention>
2011:
Two Chinese cargo ships were attacked on a stretch of the
Mekong River in the Golden Triangle area of Southeast Asia, and their
crews murdered.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong_River_massacre>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
wh-question:
(chiefly linguistics) A question that is introduced by a wh-word (what,
where, why, etc.) and cannot be answered by yes or no.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wh-question>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
The dissident does not operate in the realm of genuine power at
all. He is not seeking power. He has no desire for office and does not
gather votes. He does not attempt to charm the public, he offers nothing
and promises nothing. He can offer, if anything, only his own skin —
and he offers it solely because he has no other way of affirming the
truth he stands for. His actions simply articulate his dignity as a
citizen, regardless of the cost.
--Václav Havel
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel>
Solo Man (Homo erectus soloensis) is the last known subspecies of Homo
erectus, existing 117 to 108 thousand years ago along the Solo River in
Java, Indonesia. First discovered in 1931, the subspecies was originally
considered a direct ancestor of Aboriginal Australians, in accordance
with historical race concepts. Solo Man probably has no living
descendants, since the remains far predate modern human immigration into
the area. The skull is elongated, and has inflated brows and cheekbones.
Brain volume was large for the species, with some fossils indicating
1,013 to 1,251 cubic centimeters (61.8 to 76.3 cu in). The subspecies
inhabited an open woodland environment much cooler than present-day
Java, and probably went extinct with the replacement of this habitat by
tropical rainforest. Solo Man manufactured simple stone tools, and
possibly also made spears or harpoons from bones, daggers from stingray
stingers, and bolas or hammerstones from andesite.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solo_Man>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1779:
American Revolution: James Wilson and his colleagues were
forced to defend themselves after a mob, angered by his successful legal
defense of 23 people from exile, converged on his house, resulting in
six deaths.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Wilson_%28Founding_Father%29>
1925:
Great Syrian Revolt: Rebels led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji captured
the city of Hama from the French Mandate of Syria.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925_Hama_uprising>
1941:
Willie Gillis, one of Norman Rockwell's trademark characters,
debuted on the cover of The Saturday Evening Post.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Gillis>
1958:
The current Constitution of France was signed into law,
establishing the French Fifth Republic.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
orient:
1. (transitive) To build or place (something) so as to face eastward.
2. (transitive, by extension) To align or place (a person or object) so
that his, her, or its east side, north side, etc., is positioned toward
the corresponding points of the compass; (specifically, surveying) to
rotate (a map attached to a plane table) until the line of direction
between any two of its points is parallel to the corresponding direction
in nature.
3. (transitive) To direct towards or point at a particular direction.
4. (transitive, reflexive) To determine which direction one is facing.
5. (transitive, often reflexive, figuratively) To familiarize (oneself
or someone) with a circumstance or situation.
6. (transitive, figuratively) To set the focus of (something) so as to
appeal or relate to a certain group.
7. (intransitive) To change direction to face a certain way.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orient>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
The melancholy thing in our public life is the insane desire to
get higher.
--Rutherford B. Hayes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes>