The Economy of the Iroquois originally focused on communal production
and combined elements of both agricultural and hunter-gatherer
systems. The Iroquois peoples were predominately agricultural,
harvesting the Three Sisters commonly grown by American Indian groups:
maize, beans, and squash. The Iroquois developed a system of economics
very different from the now dominant Western variety. This system
consisted of several unique components including communal land
ownership, division of labor by gender, and trade based on gift
giving. Contact with Europeans in the early 1600s had a profound
impact on the economy of the Iroquois. At first they became important
trading partners, but the expansion of European settlement upset the
balance of the Iroquois economy. By 1800 the Iroquois had been
confined to reservations, and they had to adapt their traditional
economic system. In the 20th century, some of the Iroquois groups took
advantage of their independent status on the reservation and started
Indian casinos. Other Iroquois have incorporated themselves directly
into the outside economies off of the reservation.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_the_Iroquois
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
304:
Thirteen-year-old Saint Agnes, the patron saint of young girls, was
executed for refusing a marriage proposal.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Agnes)
1525:
The first Anabaptists in Switzerland re-baptized each other.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anabaptist)
1793:
French Revolution: After being found guilty of treason by the National
Convention, King Louis XVI was guillotined in front of a cheering
crowd.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France)
1915:
The first Kiwanis service club was founded in Detroit, Michigan.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwanis)
1976:
The Concorde supersonic transports began commercial flights to London,
Paris, Bahrain, and Rio de Janeiro.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concorde)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"If we would acquire useful knowledge, we must first divest ourselves
of those impediments and sincerely endeavor to search out the truth:
and draw our conclusions from reason and just argument, which will
never conform to our inclination, interest or fancy but we must
conform to that if we would judge rightly." -- Ethan Allen
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ethan_Allen)
Tooth development is the complex process by which teeth form from
embryonic cells, grow, and erupt into the mouth. Although many diverse
species have teeth, non-human tooth development is largely the same as
the process in humans. For human teeth to have a healthy oral
environment, enamel, dentin, cementum, and the periodontium must all
develop during appropriate stages of fetal development. Primary (baby)
teeth start to form between the sixth and eighth weeks in utero, and
permanent teeth begin to form in the 20th week in utero. If teeth do
not start to develop at or near these times, they will not develop at
all. A significant amount of research has focused on determining the
processes that initiate tooth development. It is widely accepted that
there is a factor within the tissues of the first
branchial arch that is necessary for the development of teeth.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tooth_development
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1265:
Summoned by Simon de Montfort, the first English parliament held its
first meeting in the Palace of Westminster.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster)
1320:
After reuniting Poland, Wladislaus the Short was crowned king in
Kraków.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piast_Poland)
1885:
LaMarcus Adna Thompson patented the roller coaster.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/roller_coaster)
1892:
The first official basketball game was played at the YMCA in
Springfield, Massachusetts.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/basketball)
1942:
Nazis at the Wannsee conference in Berlin decided the "final solution
to the Jewish question", leading eventually to the Holocaust.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannsee_conference)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"I don't understand politics. I don't understand the concept of two
sides. And I think that probably there's good on both sides, bad on
both sides, and there's a middle ground. But it never seems to come to
the middle ground. And it's very frustrating watching it, and
seemingly we're not moving forward." -- David Lynch
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/David_Lynch)
The title of Hero of Ukraine is the highest award that can be
conferred by the Government of Ukraine. The title was created in 1998
by President Leonid Kuchma, and it is currently awarded in two
distinctions: one for heroism and one for great achievements in labor.
Since Borys Paton first received the title in 1998, 144 people have
been awarded the title. Decorations that are similar to the Hero of
Ukraine are Russia's Hero of the Russian Federation and Belarus's Hero
of Belarus. All of those decorations were influenced in some way by
decorations awarded by the Soviet Union.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Ukraine
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1839:
The Royal Marines landed at Aden to stop pirates from attacking
British shipping to and from India. Aden was to remain under British
control until 1967.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aden)
1935:
Coopers Inc. sold the world's first briefs, a new style of men's
undergarment.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/briefs)
1977:
Iva Toguri, allegedly a Tokyo Rose, was granted a full pardon.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iva_Toguri_D%27Aquino)
1983:
Apple Computer introduced the Apple Lisa, their first commercial
personal computer with a graphical user interface and a computer
mouse. It had 1 MB of RAM, and was priced at US $9,995.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Lisa)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"They who dream by day are cognizant of many things which escape those
who dream only by night." -- Edgar Allan Poe
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe)
Article 153 of the Constitution of Malaysia grants the Yang di-Pertuan
Agong, or King, of Malaysia responsibility for safeguarding the rights
and privileges of the Malay and other indigenous peoples of Malaysia,
collectively referred to as Bumiputra. The article specifies how the
federal government may protect these groups' interests by establishing
quotas for entry into the civil service, public scholarships and
public education. The article also permits the government to set a
specific quota of licences for particular trades aside for the
Bumiputra. It is often considered to be part of the social contract.
Article 153 is one of the most controversial articles in the Malaysian
constitution. It is considered by some to create an unnecessary and
racialist distinction between Malaysians of different races because
its affirmative action policies benefit the Bumiputra, who comprise a
majority segment of the population. Many Bumiputra groups, especially
the governing United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) political
party often publicly berate those who protest it. Technically,
discussion of abolishing Article 153 is illegal, although it was
drafted as a temporary provision to the Constitution.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Article_153_of_the_Constitution_of_Malaysia
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1778:
Captain James Cook discovered the Sandwich Islands, now known as
Hawaii.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Hawaii)
1871:
King Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed the first Kaiser of the
German Empire, a newly unified nation
state.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany)
1958:
Willie O'Ree of the Boston Bruins played his first game in the
National Hockey League, breaking the color barrier in professional ice
hockey.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_O%27Ree)
1977:
The mysterious Legionnaires' disease was found to be caused by a novel
bacterium now known as Legionella.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionellosis)
2003:
The Canberra Firestorm: Bushfires burning out of control began blazing
through residential areas of Canberra, Australia.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra_bushfires_of_2003)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"There is absolutely nothing that can be taken for granted in this
world." -- Robert Anton Wilson
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_Anton_Wilson)
The Texas Ranger Division is a law enforcement agency with statewide
jurisdiction based in Austin, Texas, in the United States. Over the
years, the Texas Rangers have investigated crimes ranging from murder
to political corruption, kept the peace during riots, acted as
detectives, protected the Texas governor, tracked down fugitives, and
functioned as a quasi-military force at the service of both the
Republic (1836–45) and the state of Texas. The Texas Rangers were
unofficially created by Stephen F. Austin in 1823 and formally
constituted in 1835. Although the organization went through periods of
inactivity during the 19th century, it was never officially dissolved,
and as such is the oldest serving law enforcement agency in North
America and the United States. Since 1935, the organization has been a
division of the Texas Department of Public Safety, and currently
fulfills the role of Texas' State Bureau of Investigation. As of 2005,
there are 118 active Rangers.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1547:
Ivan the Terrible was crowned Tsar of Russia.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_IV_of_Russia)
1605:
Book One of Don Quixote, El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha
by Miguel de Cervantes, was first published in Madrid, Spain.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Quixote)
1909:
The expedition led by Sir Ernest H. Shackleton located the Magnetic
South Pole.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Shackleton)
1917:
World War I: The Zimmermann Telegram was dispatched.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"What is needed is a realization that power without love is reckless
and abusive, and love without power is sentimental and anemic. Power
at its best is love implementing the demands of justice, and justice
at its best is power correcting everything that stands against love...
I know that love is ultimately the only answer to mankind's problems.
And I'm going to talk about it everywhere I go." -- Martin Luther
King, Jr.
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Martin_Luther_King%2C_Jr.)
The TGV is France's train à grande vitesse; literally "high-speed
train". Developed by Alsthom (now Alstom) and SNCF and operated
primarily by SNCF, it connects cities in France and in some other
neighbouring countries, such as Belgium, Italy and Switzerland with
the network centred on Paris. TGVs under other brand names connect
France with Germany and the Netherlands (Thalys) and the United
Kingdom (Eurostar). Trains derived from TGV design also operate in
South Korea (KTX), and Spain (AVE). Development of high-speed rail
transport in France began in the 1960s. After a lengthy period of
testing which included changing the traction of the trains from gas
turbines to electricity from overhead lines after a sharp rise in oil
prices, TGV operation began in 1981 with an initial line between Paris
and Lyon. The success of the line led to rapid expansion and the
opening of lines to the west and north-east of France as well as
further extension to the south.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TGV
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1759:
The British Museum opened.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum)
1919:
Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, two of the most prominent
socialists in Germany, were tortured and murdered by the Freikorps.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freikorps)
1943:
Construction of the world's largest office building, The Pentagon, was
completed.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pentagon)
1967:
The Green Bay Packers defeated the Kansas City Chiefs in the American
football championship game now known as Super Bowl I.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_I)
2001:
The English Wikipedia, a Wiki free content encyclopedia, was
officially launched.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"Imagine a world in which every single person on the planet is given
free access to the sum of all human knowledge. That's what we're
doing." -- Jimmy Wales
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Jimmy_Wales)
The War of the League of Cambrai was a major conflict in the Italian
Wars, occuring from 1508 to 1516. The principal participants of the
war were France, the Papal States, and the Republic of Venice. Pope
Julius II had intended that the war would curb Venetian influence in
northern Italy, and had, to this end, created the League of Cambrai
(named after Cambrai, where the negotiations took place), an alliance
against the Republic that included, besides himself, Louis XII of
France, Emperor Maximilian I, and Ferdinand I of Spain. Although the
League was initially successful, friction between Julius and Louis
caused it to collapse by 1510; Julius then allied himself with Venice
against France. The Veneto-Papal alliance eventually expanded into the
Holy League, which drove the French from Italy in 1512; disagreements
about the division of the spoils, however, led Venice to abandon the
alliance in favor of one with France. Under the leadership of Francis
I, who had succeeded Louis to the throne, the French and Venetians
would, through their victory at Marignano in 1515, regain the
territory they had lost; the treaties of Noyon and Brussels, which
ended the war the next year, would essentially return the map of Italy
to the status quo of 1508.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1301:
The Árpád dynasty in Hungary ended.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arpads)
1639:
The Fundamental Orders, the first written constitution that created a
government, was adopted in Connecticut.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut)
1954:
Joe DiMaggio married Marilyn Monroe.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_DiMaggio)
1972:
Queen Margrethe II, the current monarch of Denmark, ascended to the
throne under a new act of succession.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark)
2004:
The national flag of Georgia, the so-called Five Cross Flag, was
restored to official use after a hiatus of some 500 years.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Georgia_%28country%29)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"Not one of us knows what effect his life produces, and what he gives
to others; that is hidden from us and must remain so, though we are
often allowed to see some little fraction of it, so that we may not
lose courage." -- Albert Schweitzer
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer)
Game theory is a branch of applied mathematics that studies strategic
situations where players choose different actions in an attempt to
maximize their returns. First developed as a tool for understanding
economic behavior, game theory is now used in many diverse academic
fields, ranging from biology to philosophy. The most famous of game
theory games is the Prisoner's dilemma, which pits self interest
against mutual benefit. In addition to its academic interest, game
theory has received attention in popular culture. A game theorist,
John Nash was the subject of the 2001 film, A Beautiful Mind. Several
game shows have adopted game theoretic situations, including Friend or
Foe and Deal or No Deal.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theory
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1898:
Émile Zola published "J'Accuse" to expose the Dreyfus affair, and
accused the French government of anti-Semitism.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%3Fmile_Zola)
1957:
The Wham-O toy company produced their first flying disc, later renamed
the Frisbee.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisbee)
1967:
General Gnassingbé Eyadéma seized power in Togo after a coup
d'état, ruling as head of state until his death in February 2005.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnassingb%C3%A9_Eyad%C3%A9ma)
1986:
A month-long violent struggle began in Aden, South Yemen between
supporters of Ali Nasir Muhammad and Abdul Fattah Ismail, resulting in
thousands of casualties.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Yemen)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"I have but one passion: to enlighten those who have been kept in the
dark, in the name of humanity which has suffered so much and is
entitled to happiness. My fiery protest is simply the cry of my very
soul." -- Émile Zola
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/%C3%83%E2%80%B0mile_Zola)
Holkham Hall, Norfolk, England, is an 18th-century country house built
in the Palladian style for Thomas Coke, 1st Earl of Leicester by the
collaborating architects William Kent and Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of
Burlington. It is one of England's finest examples of the Palladian
revival style of architecture, the severity of the design being closer
to Palladio's ideals than many of the other numerous Palladian style
houses of the period. The Holkham estate, formerly known as Neals, had
been purchased by Sir Edward Coke, the founder of the family fortune,
in 1609. It remains today the ancestral home of the Coke family, Earls
of Leicester of Holkham.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holkham_Hall
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1838:
In order to avoid anti-Mormon persecution, Joseph Smith, Jr. and his
followers fled Ohio for Missouri.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Smith%2C_Jr.)
1966:
Batman the television series, starring Adam West, was first broadcast
on ABC.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman)
1969:
British rock band Led Zeppelin released their first record album, also
called Led Zeppelin.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led_Zeppelin)
1970:
The self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra in southeastern Nigeria
capitulated, ending the Nigerian Civil War.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biafra)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"Magnanimity in politics is not seldom the truest wisdom; and a great
empire and little minds go ill together." -- Edmund Burke
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edmund_Burke)
The University of Michigan is a public coeducational university in
Michigan, United States. The flagship and oldest campus of the
University of Michigan is consistently ranked as one of the top
academic institutions in the world, and is considered a "Public Ivy."
Spread over three major campuses in Ann Arbor, the university's
professional graduate schools in the fields of information science,
law, medicine, business, engineering, public policy, and education are
consistently ranked by US News & World Report in the top 10 in the
country. U-M has one of the largest research expenditures of any
university in the United States. It is a major contributor to advances
in medicine, computer science, and engineering. The university has one
of the largest numbers of living alumni of any American university. It
is also known for athletic prowess—notably in football and
hockey—and has a history of student activism.
Read the rest of this article:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
532:
Fans of chariot racing broke into a prison and set fire to parts of
Constantinople, starting the Nika riots.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nika_riots)
1787:
William Herschel discovered Titania and Oberon, two moons of the
planet Uranus.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titania_%28moon%29)
1879:
The Anglo-Zulu War broke out.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War)
1922:
Insulin was first administered to a human patient with diabetes in
Toronto, Canada.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin)
1964:
In a landmark report, U.S. Surgeon General Dr. Luther Terry issued the
warning that "smoking may be hazardous for one's health".
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luther_Leonidas_Terry)
_____________________
Wikiquote of the day:
"The sacred rights of mankind are not to be rummaged for among old
parchments or musty records. They are written, as with a sunbeam, in
the whole volume of human nature, by the hand of the divinity itself;
and can never be erased or obscured by mortal power." -- Alexander
Hamilton
(http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton)