--- On Tue, 10/26/10, Andrea Zanni <zanni.andrea84(a)gmail.com> wrote:
From: Andrea Zanni <zanni.andrea84(a)gmail.com>
Subject: Re: [Wikisource-l] Copyright status of scans
To: "discussion list for Wikisource, the free library"
<wikisource-l(a)lists.wikimedia.org>
Date: Tuesday, October 26, 2010, 8:07 AM
2010/10/26 Klaus Graf <klausgraf(a)googlemail.com>
Roma locuta causa finita.
I actually wrote this mail for understanding the issue,
It is a difficult issue to understand. Because most people think they basically understand
copyright and there is this little question that they have which does not fit. But often
why the question doesn't fit is because the person misunderstands copyright in
general.
Copyright does not offer clear answers. No one except for silly non-profit projects want
to really know whether a work is free of copyright protection for it own sake. All the
rest of the world wants to know either A) Can I get away with using this work? or B) Can
get some money from other people who are using that work? And those questions are usually
answer by settlement while the copyright status of the work is left undefined. If you ask
a copyright lawyer if a work is free of copyright protection he will tell
you "I would make a case for your use of the work along the lines of these three
separate arguments" And if you tell him, "No I don't want to know the best
defenses for my use of the work. I want to know the true status of the work" Then
he will blink at you in confusion. *No one* is trained on how to define a lack of
copyright protection as if it were an inherent property of a work.
Assuming you misunderstand copyright, because frankly it is the most likely case, here is
a short primer:
If you own a piece of property, it is a physical thing which can either exist or be
destroyed. If this property is sold to someone else then you no longer have access to
it. And no one else may have access to it so long as you do not sell it.
If you own a piece of intellectual property, it is an immaterial thing that will can
continue to exist even after it is destroyed. Also it may
be transformed again and again into derivatives while the original form still exists.
Intellectual property is sold by making copies of the original so that many people may
have access to it without owning it. Also it is possible that someone may own a piece of
intellectual property and not have access to it!
Ownership and access are separate entities in intellectual property.
Copyright only applies to very specific things. It only protects the expression, not the
underlying idea expressed. It must be a creative expression, you cannot own the copyright
to the population tables of Italian cities. It must be a fixed expression, you cannot own
the copyright to your conversation on the train. If a work contains a mixture of creative
and non-creative parts, only the creative parts are copyrighted even though copyright is
only tracked by entire works. So a book on the cities of Italy which includes population
table in the
appendix will simply be listed as copyrighted even though the protection does not apply
to the population tables.
Your specific question was about scans of books which are out of copyright. That issue is
mostly one of creativity and of access. If I wrote out a copy of the Count of Monte
Cristo in longhand, I would be expend a great deal of mechanical effort but not creative
effort. My work in long hand would not be considered a "derivative work" nor
grant me copyright protection. I would however own a longhand copy of the Count of Monte
Cristo that I could sell or otherwise treat as a piece of physical property. If I
translated the Count of Monte Cristo into English, I would expend creative effort in
choosing which exact words to use and which meanings to emphasize. My English version of
the Count of Monte Cristo would be considered a derivative work and my creative
contributions and only my creative contributions would be protected by a new copyright.
If someone who had read only my translation of the Count of Monte Cristo, wrote a plot
summary in under
one hundred words they would not be infringing on my copyright. Because the underlying
story was not a part of my creative contribution to the work. Now a scan of an
out-of-copyright version of the Count of Monte Cristo is a purely a mechanical effort and
is comparable to my longhand version of the work. When someone makes a scan, they have no
creative contribution which could be protected by copyright, but they do own the resulting
file. And they may grant you access to this file or not. They may grant you access to
the file only under certain conditions. This would be considered a contract and is
commonly referred to a "terms of use". Often you are considered to have agreed
to the terms of use, and therefore bound by contract, merely by your decision to click and
access the file. In these cases the terms of use are often written to mirror the sorts of
protections that copyright law would grant if it where applicable. The main difference
is
copyright law is attaches restrictions to a work wherever it goes and whoever comes
across. Contract law attaches restrictions to you as a consenting party to the contract,
and the restrictions end with you. If you save a copy of the file containing the scan of
Monte Cristo on a flash drive for your personal reading as allowed in the terms of use,
and you leave your flash drive behind on the train. Whoever picks up your flash drive and
opens the file is not bound by any contract that you were party to. They may use the file
however they wish.
Much of the confusion over the issue of scans is due to conflating contractual terms of
use with copyright protections. These are different areas of the law which use very
different approaches to create similar restrictions. This explanation is rather
simplified, but it should help you understand the questions a little better.
Birgitte SB