[Foundation-l] Wikizine Opinion - Year: 2011 Week: 38 Number: 128 BIS

Mono mium monomium at gmail.com
Fri Sep 16 21:05:00 UTC 2011


May I suggest using MailChimp?

On Fri, Sep 16, 2011 at 12:41 PM, EN Wikizine <info-en at wikizine.org> wrote:

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> Year: 2011  Week: 38  Number: 128 BIS
>
> ******************************************
>
> An independent internal news bulletin
> for the members of the Wikimedia community
>
> //////////////////////////////////////////
>
> === Wikizine needs YOU! ===
>
> Wikipedia has already changed the world. Wikimedia movement is at the
> beginning of that task. To push the movement into that direction,
> Wikizine needs your '''bold''' ideas and personal perspectives! Send
> your ideas to us or simply add them into the appropriate section. What
> YOU think can change the world!
>
> [Name] - Working title of this edition is "Wikizine Talk Edition"
> because we didn't have better idea. Send us suggestions for the name!
>
> === Contents ===
>
> Editorial
> Personal perspective
> In the news
>  From Wikipedia
>
> === Editorial by Milos ===
>
> As you could read in Wikizine 127 [1], I took initiative and began a
> Wikizine revival. You may notice some changes and I can say that there
> will be more changes, as such changes keep all of us alive.
>
> Editorial is one of those changes and it will have two main parts: (1)
> presentation of one of the Wikizine feature and (2) analysis of the
> most important event from the previous week or two. Opinion or Talk
> Edition of Wikizine will be published on Friday and ?previous week?
> means approximately Friday-Thursday time frame.
>
> Last week had begun with such intensity, I thought I could close this
> edition by Monday.
>
> [1] http://en.wikizine.org/2011/09/year-2011-week-36-number-126.html
>
> ==== (Un)acceptible Foundation influence on chapters ====
>
> On August 27th, almost 20 days before the conclusion of this edition,
> CasteloBranco, a member of the initiative for Wikimedia Brazil, sent
> an email to foundation-l [1] with the description of agreement inside
> of Brazilian Wikimedian community about chapter creation. That was the
> main obstacle toward formalizing the chapter, as Brazilian Wikimedians
> didn?t feel comfortable with the idea of having a formal organization.
>
> That day five more Wikimedians discussed the outlines of this
> agreement on foundation-l, including a note from Ray Saintonge that
> it?s not the best idea to have a Wikimedia Foundation appointee in
> chapter?s Board (as suggested by WM Brazil?s agreement).
>
> For five days discussion was dead, when Jimmy Wales said that having a
> WMF appointee is, actually, a good idea. That sparked long discussions
> on both foundation-l and internal-l (the latter one is a non-public
> list of the core of Wikimedia movement). A number of chapters
> representatives felt offended by the idea of having a WMF appointee on
> their boards.
>
> [1] http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/foundation/246958
>
> ==== Image filter retrospective (from spring 2008 to early 2011) ====
>
> For those who have forgotten what?s behind the image filter
> ?referendum?, here is a retrospective.
>
> The initial point of the drama started on 7 May 2008 [4]. Because of
> religion, of course. US-based ?social conservative? site WorldNetDaily
> reported Wikipedia [5] because of the cover art for the Scorpions?
> album Virgin Killer [6]. According to Concerned Women of America,
> another ?social conservative? group, ?Wikipedia is helping to further
> facilitate perversion and pedophilia.?
>
> On 5 December 2008, in the moment of madness, worthy of the best of
> surreal poetry, Internet Watch Foundaiton (IWF) [7], the association
> of UK internet providers, listed Wikipedia as a child pornography site
> [8] because of the same album cover [6]. It seems that IWF needed just
> four days to find someone who knows what Wikipedia is. IWF reversed
> their blacklisting on 9 December.
>
> In a moment of desperate need for self-promotion, Larry Sanger [9],
> known because he didn?t believe that his project (Wikipedia, for which
> has sometimes been described as a co-founder), would succeed and not
> so known because of a number of failed projects, reported Wikipedia to
> the FBI [10] on 10 April 2010 because, of course, ?child pornography?.
>
> Just a short 17 days later, Fox News discovered the hot news and
> published it [11] in a well known form of spreading FUD to everything
> which doesn?t fit to their retarded worldview.
>
> The action of the IWF prompted discussions on Wikimedia Commons in
> 2008. However, just after the Commons community declined to change
> well defined policy toward images, which are handled based on their
> quality, not the biased opinion on content, on May 6th, 2010 Jimmy
> Wales started to delete not just poor quality Second Life animated
> pornography, but artworks, as well. That sparked a huge revolt among
> editors [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. At the other side, the
> action was praised by Fox News, of course [21].
>
> Between May 6th and May 9th, the most striking event was the fact that
> smart people from the Board were talking nonsense just to stand behind
> Jimmy?s irrational behavior.
>
> The  Board?s statement from May 7th [22] was actually quite good. Note
> that part of the statement says ?In saying this, we don't intend  to
> create new policy, but rather to reaffirm and support policy that
> already exists.? Yet as it could be seen, in around one month the same
> Board changed their mind and pushed development with the aim to
> implement new policy.
>
> After that the Kafkaesque parody started. Jan-Bart de Vreede, a Board
> member, interpreted Board?s statement as supporting Jimmy?s deletion
> of artworks [23]. Ting Chen, Board chair, also supported deletion of
> artworks [24]. Stuart West thinks that some deleted artworks are
> ?hardcore pornography?, as well [25].
>
> Digression about artworks for the complete picture. Jimmy deleted
> [28], among others, the next images:
>
> Painting [27] by Édouard-Henri Avril, a 19th and early 20th century
> French painter [28].
> Graphics [29] by Franz von Bayros, a late 19th and early 20th century
> Austrian illustrator [30].
> Graphics [31] by Félicien Rops, a 19th century Belgian artist [32].
>
> What is interesting with all of those artists is that they belong to
> the Decadent movement in art [33]. Which, by the way, says that you
> can create the most important educational resource in the history, but
> not be able to make distinction between pornography and art. And no
> matter of your ignorance, you would be supported by your fellow Board
> members,.
>
> On May 9th, 2010, by concluding his regular behavioral iteration --
> first makes a problem, then does the right thing to fix it --, Jimmy
> abandoned his permissions [34].
>
> But, of course, that wasn?t the end of the drama. On June 24th, 2010
> Board commissioned the Executive Director to find a way to satisfy Fox
> News and those who take Fox News seriously. [35]
>
> I had personal conversation with Robert Harris, the person employed by
> the WMF to ?solve? the problem. It was a very surprising discussion.
> During the first iteration of our communication, at the time when he
> presented some facts, including a perspective of one Canadian
> librarian [36], which clearly stated that libraries do not mark
> ?objectionable? content in any particular way, it was a real pleasure
> to hear his insights.
>
> But a month or two later it was clear that he wasn?t employed to make
> a decent suggestion, based on our values. He was employed to make a
> decision which would satisfy Fox News adherents. Instead of mentioning
> anywhere that it is not usual to mark sexually explicit content,
> instead of giving a multicultural perspective by adding at least
> Muhammad depictions to the list, he just produced a conclusion to
> please those to whom it is much more problematic that their daughter
> educate herself in sexual hygiene and contraception, then to see her
> pregnant at the age of 15. Of course, by mentioning ?multiculturalism?
> just when it is in favor of those, exclusively American right-wing
> views [37].
>
> Then the Censorship workgroup [not able to find public link; it was
> likely announced on internal-l] was created. The task of the group was
> to articulate what the censorship would look like. I offered,
> hesitantly, to participate in it, as a part of the responsibility
> which I had as one of the most vocal opponents of that task. Not
> unexpectedly, all of us were happy without me on the workgroup.
>
> After a period of workgroup work, it presented the design of
> censorship software [38]. To be honest, it is not bad at all. People
> are able to click on ?show image?, nothing is cemented. In an ideal
> world, such an image filter would be a very good option. However, we
> don?t live in an ideal world.
>
> I?ll describe current events (the second part of 2011) after enough
> time passes and some distance from the current events would be created.
>
> Milos
>
> :[1] http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image_filter_referendum
> :[2] http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Controversial_content
> :[3] http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image_filter_referendum/Results/en
> :[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Killer#Internet_censorship
> :[5] http://www.wnd.com/?pageId=63722
> :[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Killer
> :[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation
> :[8] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Watch_Foundation_and_Wikipedia
> :[9] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Sanger
> :[10]
>
> http://news.slashdot.org/story/10/04/11/018255/Larry-Sanger-Tells-FBI-Wikipedia-Distributes-Child-Pornography
> :[11]
>
> http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/04/27/wikipedia-child-porn-larry-sanger-fbi/
> :[12]
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Sexual_content/Archive_1
> :[13]
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Sexual_content/Archive_3
> :[14]
>
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Sexual_content/Village_pump/2010-5-6
> :[15]
>
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons_talk:Sexual_content/Village_pump/2010-5-7
> :[16]
> http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2010-May/057789.html
> :[17]
> http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2010-May/057791.html
> :[18]
> http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Remove_Founder_flag
> :[19] http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Petition_to_Jimbo
> :[20]
>
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:Undeletion_requests/Archive/2010-05
> :[21] http://www.foxnews.com/scitech/2010/05/07/wikipedia-purges-porn/
> :[22]
>
> http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimediaannounce-l/2010-May/000008.html
> :[23]
> http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2010-May/057795.html
> :[24]
> http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2010-May/057827.html
> :[25]
> http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2010-May/058026.html
> :[26]
>
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ALog&type=delete&user=Jimbo+Wales&page=&year=&month=-1&tagfilter=
> :[27]
>
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril_%2827%29.jpg
> :[28] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard-Henri_Avril
> :[29] http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Franz_von_Bayros_016.jpg
> :[30] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_von_Bayros
> :[31]
>
> http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:F%C3%A9licien_Rops_-_Sainte-Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se.png
> :[32] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9licien_Rops
> :[33] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decadent_movement
> :[34] http://www.gossamer-threads.com/lists/wiki/foundation/195612
> :[35]
>
> http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Commissioning_Recommendations_from_the_Executive_Director
> :[36]
>
> http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:2010_Wikimedia_Study_of_Controversial_Content&ldid=2103910#The_Librarians.27s_Perspective
> :[37]
>
> http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/2010_Wikimedia_Study_of_Controversial_Content:_Part_Three
> :[38]
>
> http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image_filter_referendum/en#What_will_the_image_hider_look_like.3F
>
> ==== Song of the week ====
>
> For the end of the editorial, here is the song of the week:
> http://tinyurl.com/6vaxls
>
> Milos
>
> === Personal perspective ===
>
> This week we have personal perspective from Salmaan Haroon,
> User:Theo10011 [1].
>
> Theo is from India. He is originally from English Wikipedia but mostly
> active on Meta these days. He worked extensively on the WMF strategic
> plan on Strategy Wiki [2] a couple of years ago. He has been involved
> in Movement roles since early this year. He wrote for the Signpost
> briefly.
>
> He worked for WMF for 3 months last year during the fundraiser, and
> got the chance to interact with chapters and see the fundraising issue
> from different perspectives.
>
> Wikimedia chapters council [3] is his proposal.
>
> :[1] http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Theo10011
> :[2] http://strategy.wikimedia.org/
> :[3] http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_chapters_council
>
> ----
>
> I was invited to write about my perspective on the recent chapter and
> fundraising issues that have been doing the rounds. Let me first start
> out by making this disclosure- I am not affiliated with any chapter
> beyond a regular membership acquired a few weeks ago, I never sat on a
> chapter board, attended a general meeting, and neither do I plan on
> starting any time soon. Given a different set of circumstance, I am
> not sure if my perspective would be deemed completely neutral in the
> following matter.
>
> Previously, as an outsider to the internal working of Wikimedia and
> chapter relations, I viewed the idea of chapters as a regular
> unaffiliated community member would i.e. with a mix of ignorance and
> skepticism. Chapters are viewed in some circles as legal organizations
> formed in different countries by a handful of people who then use
> Wikimedia trademarks and fundraising to raise funds to just exist and
> occasionally serve as a local outreach point. Somewhere during the
> last year, I actually started meeting some of these people. I began to
> see the other side, how chapters perceive themselves and each other.
> True, there is an entire spectrum where each chapter falls and how
> close they actually are to what they want to be. Some of these people
> became my friends, I started seeing things from their perspective.
>
> Over the last year, I saw chapters organize and take on activities
> like Wiki Loves Monuments, something the foundation never tried to do.
> I saw them do local GLAM outreach and activities in Germany and
> France, again, something that the foundation could not take on
> directly. They all do their own thing individually in their part of
> the world whether it be some open-license lobbying to their local
> institutions or outreach to a local exhibition. I can not in good
> conscience accept that our movement would be any better off without
> them being independent. They are completely decentralized, and do
> their own thing independently, I love that model. A few dozen
> organizations doing their own things in tandem in different parts of
> the world is an unmatched model when it comes to productivity.
>
> Lately however, there have been overtures that this model might be
> under threat. The distance and the relation between the foundation and
> the chapters has been getting more and more strained. The fundraising
> issue and the board letter that started the recent debate at the core
> placed concerns, that really no one disagreed with. I am yet to talk
> to a single person who thinks that most of those concerns aren't
> legitimate or there isn't a need for a sustained model of
> accountability. Almost every chapter in private and public, agrees
> that the issues are serious and require some action on everyones part.
>
> The biggest issue is however how these concerns are being addressed.
> Some of the foundation's recent actions are being perceived as a
> heavy-handed towards chapters and the community at large. The
> conceptual directives have been coming from the board, perceptually
> overlooking an important distinction someone else made earlier- the
> board is the Wikimedia Foundation's board, not the chapter's,
> certainly not the movement's, the larger community is even less
> inclined to agree.
>
> When the questions about the fundraising issue started, there were 2
> large concerns that took over after the board's announcement. One, if
> the chapters that already agreed to participate in the fundraiser
> being allowed to continue, and second, if new half-a-dozen chapters
> that wanted to participate would be able to do so. The timing as
> others pointed out was less than ideal, having the staff and the board
> in person at Wikimania didn't help and instead compounded the
> problems. The cross-talk between the board and staff at that stage
> seemed minimal. Sue gave a lengthy explanation about the issues and
> the board's concern, as did several board members who offered their
> perspective, staff members however seemed to be on a different page.
> Instead of giving any time to discuss and coordinate on how to address
> these issues, the entire fundraising model was taken away in what some
> perceive as a knee-jerk reaction and being replaced quietly by a
> grants-only model.
>
> In hindsight, effective planning, and better timing might have avoided
> the initial confusion. But springing such an important change on
> chapters so close to the fundraiser, even after chapters attended an
> entire 'fundraising summit' just a few weeks prior could not have gone
> well. Chapters were told how to participate in the fundraiser by WMF
> staff that attended the aforementioned 'summit'. They were now being
> told to re-evaluate it all, and forget about fundraising and focus on
> a grants-based model. With all the arguments and the questions that
> ensued, the staff hasn't addressed most of the issues publicly.
>
> Delphine pointed out facts about WMDE, how the ideal independent
> chapter, the only one who would be allowed to fundraise came to be.
> How its independence, and the ability to stand on its own two feet
> made WMDE an example to follow for others. The notion that independent
> fundraising by chapters wouldn't affect the money needed by the
> movement is a fallacy. The movement as a whole would lose millions
> every year, if the chapters are not allowed to do this locally. At
> some point, we have to realize - a one size fits all, global solution
> doesn't work. Our movement is decentralized, I think it's only logical
> that the fundraising be decentralized as well.
>
> There is also a general sense of questioning the ownership of the
> fundraiser among the larger community. There are people who believe
> that it is the foundation's prerogative to only allow anyone it wants
> to fundraise or not, since it is the sole entity in charge of
> everything related to the movement. This would inevitably lead to more
> questions about ownership of the projects, and who is entitled to
> raise money in the name of Wikipedia?
>
> Non-profits around the world use a decentralized model similar to the
> one we might have. The current structure looks identical to theirs. if
> someone were to visit Oxfam.com, they would be directed to the nearest
> office in their region where they can donate to the cause. In our
> case, the biggest identity would be our projects, a banner could serve
> the same purpose locally. Why do we then question the same model that
> already exist and work elsewhere?
>
> Around the time these discussions were going on, I recalled something
> that we talked about during the Chapters conference in Berlin. An idea
> about a Chapters council, composed of all individual chapters to say
> "We, the chapters...." - The community itself is large enough that it
> can never completely agree on any point together, an important
> distinctions that chapters might not suffer from. The number of
> chapters are not large, and some of the issues are so central that a
> single unanimous voice is not hard to form. There are and have been
> several iterations of this body, over the years and there is a clear
> need for it now than ever before. I have no idea if it can bridge the
> gap and address some of the concerns everyone has, but I do believe,
> it is worth trying, now more than ever.
>
> Chapters, should ideally be the face of the movement- young,
> hard-working, active and mostly unpaid volunteers that take the
> good-nature and ethos of our movement, offline. Be it some small
> project in their backyard, outreach to a local library or museum or a
> small exhibition in their city, they should be given freedom to decide
> what works for them locally and then the ability to do so. The
> foundation should ideally, do its best to support and decentralize
> this model as much as possible. When chapters work, they work
> excellently.
>
> Salmaan Haroon, User:Theo10011
>
> === In the news ===
>
> [Jimmy Wales and Sue Gardner in US diplomatic cable] - Jimmy Wales was
> mentioned in a leaked US diplomatic cable under the name Jimmy Walker.
> Among many people with that name, one Jimmy Walker was the mayor of
> New York City from 1926 to 1932. Another one is Jimmie Walker,
> comedian. Sue Gardner has been presented as "Wikipedia's leading
> editor".
> http://wikileaks.ch/cable/2008/11/08SANTIAGO1015.html
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Walker
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Walker
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Walker
> http://wikileaks.org/cable/2009/05/09TELAVIV982.html
>
> [Inventor of eBook died] - Michael Stern Hart, inventor of the eBook
> concept and Project Gutenberg, has died at the age of 64.
> http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Michael_S._Hart
>
> [Celebrities? Autographs] - Crushable reports (not quite) news that
> Wikipedia has started including celebrities' autographs in articles
> about them. In a related event, User:Hindustanilanguage uploaded ~300
> autographs on Wikimedia Commons in mid-August.
>
> http://crushable.com/entertainment/wikipedia-has-started-including-celebrities-autographs-on-their-profiles-394/
> http://tinyurl.com/4xxmepz
>
> ["How do i edit a page on wikipedia without it gettin removed?"] - A
> classic high school question about editing Wikipedia appeared on Yahoo
> Answers.
> http://malaysia.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110902133937AAVW9a8
>
> [Positive critique in Washington Post] - The Washington Post
> journalist Valerie Strauss published article on "Wikipedia is not
> wicked!" by The Daring Librarian, otherwise known as Gwyneth Anne
> Jones, on her blog.
>
> http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/post/the-daring-librarian-wikipedia-is-not-wicked/2011/09/06/gIQAYWSF8J_blog.html
> http://www.thedaringlibrarian.com/
>
> [Branding company plays with Wikipedia] - Branding company Moving
> Brands, invited by Viewpoint magazine to showcase their process,
> created a proposal for a new Wikimedia identity. While the value of
> the final product could be debated, it is interesting that the company
> has a clear understanding of Wikipedia, Wikimedia and Wikipedia's core
> Five Pillars, which they included in their creative process.
> http://www.movingbrands.com/
> http://www.underconsideration.com/brandnew/archives/wikipedia_concept.php
> http://www.movingbrands.com/?category_name=wikipedia-work
>
> [Wikipedia editors motivation] - Business life has published the
> article "Why do people contribute to Wikipedia for free?"
>
> http://www.babusinesslife.com/Tools/Economics/Why-do-people-contribute-to-Wikipedia-for-free-.html
>
> [New York Times on Wikipedia and 9/11] - New York Times published an
> article "On Wikipedia, Echoes of 9/11 ?Edit Wars?".
>
> http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/12/business/media/on-wikipedia-911-dissent-is-kept-on-the-fringe.html?_r=1
>
> [Jimmy Wales guest of Cambridge Network] - Jimmy Wales gave a lecture
> to the Cambridge Network members. The Cambridge Network is a
> commercial business networking organization for business people and
> academics working in technology fields in the Cambridge area of the
> UK. In response to his lecture, Cambridge Business Media published the
> article "Running Wikipedia, possibly not as easy as Jimmy Wales makes
> it look".
> http://www.pr.com/press-release/352263
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_Network
>
> http://www.cabume.co.uk/blog/running-wikipedia-possibly-not-as-easy-as-jimmy-wales-makes-it-look.html
>
> [The worst Kindle eBooks] - "The worst Kindle eBooks ever written" is
> a compilation of Wikipedia articles.
>
> http://www.beyond-black-friday.com/2011/08/30/the-worst-kindle-ebooks-ever-written/
>
> [Copyright in EU] - Copyright on musical recordings extended by twenty
> years in EU.
>
> http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Copyright_on_musical_recordings_extended_by_twenty_years_in_EU
>
> [WikiSweeper] - Ushahidi and Wikimedia Foundation joint initiative to
> create a hot news tool for Wiki editors
>
> http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/wikipedia_to_add_research_mega-tool_for_hot_news_a.php
>
> http://blog.ushahidi.com/index.php/2011/09/13/announcing-the-wikisweeper-project/
>
> [Jimmy Wales in Indianapolis] - Jimmy Wales was talking to 3,000
> marketing experts in Indianapolis.
>
> http://www.indystar.com/article/20110913/BUSINESS06/109130390/Wikipedia-founder-shares-passion-Indianapolis-crowd?odyssey=mod|newswell|text|IndyStar.com|s
>
> [Columnist for Independent and Wikipedia] - The award-winning
> Independent columnist Johann Hari has apologized for editing the
> Wikipedia entries of people he had clashed with, using the pseudonym
> David Rose.
>
> http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/sep/14/johann-hari-apologises-orwell-prize
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Hari
>
> [Campus paper The Bell Ringer on Wikipedia] - Columnist of The Bell
> Ringer, the campus paper of the Augusta State University, published
> text "In the Defense of Wikipedia".
> http://www.asubellringer.com/2011/09/14/in-the-defense-of-wikipedia/
>
> === From Wikipedia ===
>
> [Hungry ghost] - Hungry ghost is a Western translation of an Eastern
> phrase representing beings who are driven by intense emotional needs
> in an animalistic way.
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungry_ghost
>
> [Fenian raids] - The Fenian raids of the Fenian Brotherhood based in
> the United States on British army forts, customs posts and other
> targets in Canada were fought in order to bring pressure on Britain to
> withdraw from Ireland, between 1866 and 1871.
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenian_raids
>
> [Monte Cristo, Washington] - Monte Cristo is a ghost town northwest of
> Monte Cristo Peak, in eastern Snohomish County in western Washington.
> Prospecting in the region began in the Skykomish River drainage with
> the Old Cady Trail used for access. In 1882 Elisha Hubbard improved
> the trail up the North Fork Skykomish, from Index to Galena, then
> north up the tributary Silver Creek. A boom shortly followed at
> Mineral City. The mineral belt was traced in various directions,
> including north over the divide between the Skykomish and Sauk River
> drainages. ...
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cristo,_Washington
>
> [Persin] - Persin is a fungicidal toxin present in the avocado. It is
> generally harmless to humans, but when consumed by domestic animals in
> large quantities it is dangerous. It has been suggested as a treatment
> for breast cancer.
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persin
>
> [Progress trap] - A progress trap is the condition human societies
> experience when, in pursuing progress through human ingenuity, they
> inadvertently introduce problems they do not have the resources or
> political will to solve, for fear of short-term losses in status,
> stability or quality of life. This prevents further progress and
> sometimes leads to collapse.
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_trap
>
> [Phosphene] - A phosphene is an entoptic phenomenon characterized by
> the experience of seeing light without light actually entering the
> eye. The word phosphene comes from the Greek words phos (light) and
> phainein (to show). Phosphenes are flashes of light, often associated
> with optic neuritis, induced by movement or sound.
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphene
>
> [HD 85512 b] - HD 85512 b is an extrasolar planet orbiting the star HD
> 85512 approximately 36 light-years away in the constellation of Vela.
> The planet was discovered by the scientists at University of Geneva,
> Switzerland, led by the Swiss astronomer Stéphane Udry of the GTO
> program of High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS), a
> high-precision echelle spectrograph installed on ESO's 3.6 m telescope
> at La Silla Observatory in Chile. HD 85512 b is one of the smallest
> exo-planets discovered to be in the habitable zone. HD 85512 b is
> considered to be the best candidate for habitability as of August 25,
> 2011.
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HD_85512_b
>
> [Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin] - Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin (May 10, 1900 ?
> December 7, 1979) was an English-American astronomer who in 1925 was
> first to show that the Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen,
> contradicting accepted wisdom at the time.
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecilia_Payne-Gaposchkin
>
> [List of people claimed to be Jesus] - John Nichols Thom (1799?1838),
> Cornish tax rebel who claimed to be the "saviour of the world" and the
> reincarnation of Jesus Christ and his body temple of the Holy
> Ghost[citation needed] in 1834. He was killed by British soldiers at
> the Battle of Bossenden Wood, on May 31, 1838 in Kent, England. Arnold
> Potter (1804?1872), Schismatic Latter Day Saint leader; he claimed the
> spirit of Jesus Christ entered into his body and he became "Potter
> Christ" Son of the living God, he died in an attempt to "ascend into
> heaven" by jumping off a cliff.[citation needed] His body was later
> retrieved and buried by his followers. Bahá'u'lláh (1817?1892), born
> Shiite, adopted Bábism later in 1844, he claimed to be the prophesized
> fulfilment and Promised One of all the major religions. He founded the
> Bahá'í Faith in 1866. Followers of the Bahá'í Faith believe that the
> fulfillment of the prophecies of the second coming of Jesus, as well
> as the prophecies of the 5th Buddha Maitreya and many other religious
> prophecies, were begun by the Báb in 1844 and then by Bahá'u'lláh.
> They commonly compare the fulfillment of Christian prophecies to
> Jesus' fulfillment of Jewish prophecies, where in both cases people
> were expecting the literal fulfillment of apocalyptic statements. ...
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_people_claimed_to_be_Jesus
>
>
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