There’s an issue with the caching layer in front of our docker registry that prevents pulling images in most circumstances. See https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270270 <https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270270> (thank you Željko for filing!). This is a new issue that has surfaced in Docker 20.10 which is in Docker for Mac 3.0 as well as the latest docker package in Debian unstable.
There is a patch pending to hopefully fix this but in case it’s not deployed soon you should probably hold off on upgrading your local Docker engine.
Kosta