The Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (CCE&HR;) was a railway company that constructed the deep-level underground railway that is now the central section of London's Northern line. Established in 1891, the company became a subsidiary of the Underground Electric Railways Company of London (UERL) in 1901. Various routes were planned, but a number were rejected by Parliament. Tunnels under Hampstead Heath were authorised, despite opposition by local residents who believed the tunnels would drain the heath of water and train vibrations would cause trees to collapse. When it opened in 1907, the CCE&HR;'s line served 16 stations (Tufnell Park pictured) and ran for 7.67 miles (12.34 km) in a pair of tunnels between its southern terminus at Charing Cross and two northern termini at Archway and Golders Green. Within a year of opening, it became apparent to the management and investors that the estimates of passenger numbers had been over-optimistic and the CCE&HR; struggled financially for many years despite four extensions and connections to the City and South London Railway. In 1933 the CCE&HR; and the rest of the UERL's operations were taken into public ownership.

Read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charing_Cross,_Euston_and_Hampstead_Railway

_______________________________ Today's selected anniversaries:

624:

Led by Muhammad, the Muslims of Medina defeated the Quraysh of Mecca in Badr, present-day Saudi Arabia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badr

1697:

Nojpetén, capital of the Itza Maya kingdom, fell to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala

1845:

German composer Felix Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto (1st movement Allegro molto appassionato featured), one of the most popular and most frequently performed violin concertos of all time, was first played in Leipzig. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin_Concerto_(Mendelssohn)

1954:

Viet Minh forces under Vo Nguyen Giap unleashed a massive artillery barrage on the French military to begin the Battle of Dien Bien Phu, the climactic battle in the First Indochina War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dien_Bien_Phu

1964:

American Kitty Genovese was murdered, reportedly in view of neighbors who did nothing to help her (later disproved), prompting research into the bystander effect. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Kitty_Genovese

_____________________________ Wiktionary's word of the day:

hamiform: Curved at the extremity, shaped like a hook. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hamiform

___________________________ Wikiquote quote of the day:

 The History of Religions is destined to play an important role in contemporary cultural life. This is not only because an understanding of exotic and archaic religions will significantly assist in a cultural dialogue with the representatives of such religions. It is more especially because ... the history of religions will inevitably attain to a deeper knowledge of man. It is on the basis of such knowledge that a new humanism, on a world-wide scale, could develop.   --Mircea Eliade https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Mircea_Eliade