The Jin campaigns against the Song Dynasty were a series of wars that took place in the 12th and 13th centuries between the Jurchen Jin Dynasty and the Chinese Song Dynasty. The Jin invaded the Song in 1125 and captured the Song capital of Kaifeng in 1127, imprisoning Emperor Qinzong and Huizong (pictured). The Jin conquered northern China and remnants of the Song retreated to southern China, relocating the capital to Hangzhou. A treaty ended the war in 1142 and settled the boundary along the Huai River. Prince Hailing invaded the Song in 1161, but lost at Caishi and was assassinated shortly after. A Song invasion of the Jin motivated by revanchism in 1206–08 and a Jin invasion of the Song in 1217–24 were both unsuccessful. The Song allied with the Mongols in 1233, and jointly captured the last refuge of the Jin emperor in 1234, the year the Jin collapsed. The wars between the Song and Jin gave rise to an era of technological, cultural, and demographic changes in China. The Jin adopted the political and cultural institutions of past Chinese dynasties, gunpowder weapons like the fire lance were introduced, and the Song resettled and rebuilt their government in southern China.

Read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jin_campaigns_against_the_Song_Dynasty

_______________________________ Today's selected anniversaries:

314:

Sylvester I, during whose pontificate the great churches of Rome were built, began his reign as pope. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sylvester_I

1747:

The London Lock Hospital, the first clinic specialising in the treatment of venereal diseases, opened. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Lock_Hospital

1846:

After having come to blows over the construction of a bridge, the citizens of two neighboring towns united to form the city of Milwaukee, Wisconsin (skyline pictured). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee

1971:

The Vietnam Veterans Against the War opened the Winter Soldier Investigation, a three-day media event to publicize war crimes and other atrocities by American forces and their allies during the Vietnam War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Soldier_Investigation

2010:

Avatar became the first film to earn over $2 billion worldwide. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avatar_(2009_film)

_____________________________ Wiktionary's word of the day:

smaragdine: Having the colour of emeralds. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/smaragdine

___________________________ Wikiquote quote of the day:

Will is to grace as the horse is to the rider.    --Augustine of Hippo https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo