United States v. Washington was a case heard in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington and the U.S. Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. It reaffirmed the right of American Indian tribes in the State of Washington to act with the state as co-managers of salmon and other fish in line with treaties signed by the U.S. with the tribes. The tribes of Washington had ceded their land, but reserved the right to fish using traditional methods (example pictured), including at traditional locations off the designated reservations. A 1974 decision by federal judge George Boldt held that the tribes were entitled to half the catch each year. In 1975 the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld this ruling, and in 1976 the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case. When the state refused to enforce the court order, Boldt ordered the Coast Guard to enforce his rulings. In a later case, Justice John Paul Stevens summarized: "Both sides have a right, secured by treaty, to take a fair share of the available fish." (Full article...).

Read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Washington

_______________________________ Today's selected anniversaries:

1799:

Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin became the first woman to make a parachute descent, falling 900 m (3,000 ft) in a hot-air balloon gondola. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Genevi%C3%A8ve_Garnerin

1871:

The Criminal Tribes Act entered into force in British India, giving law enforcement sweeping powers to arrest, control, and monitor the movements of the members of ethnic or social communities that were defined as "habitually criminal". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_Tribes_Act

1984:

The Provisional Irish Republican Army detonated a bomb at the Grand Hotel in Brighton, England, in a failed attempt to assassinate British prime minister Margaret Thatcher and most of her cabinet. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing

_____________________________ Wiktionary's word of the day:

mantilla: 1. A lace veil of Spanish origin worn over a woman's hair and shoulders. 2. A woman's light cloak or cape made of silk, velvet, lace, or other material. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mantilla

___________________________ Wikiquote quote of the day:

If children are not introduced to music at an early age, I believe something fundamental is actually being taken from them.   --Luciano Pavarotti https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti