The Cologne War (1583–88) devastated the Electorate of Cologne, a historical ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire, present-day North Rhine-Westphalia, in Germany. The war occurred within the context of the Protestant Reformation in Germany and the subsequent Counter-Reformation, and concurrently with the Dutch Revolt and the French Wars of Religion. The conflict tested the principle of ecclesiastical reservation, which had been included in the religious Peace of Augsburg (1555). This principle excluded, or "reserved", the ecclesiastical territories of the Holy Roman Empire from the application of cuius regio, eius religio, or "who rules, his religion", as the primary means to determine the religion of a territory. The conflict coincided with the Dutch Revolt, 1568–1648, encouraging participation of the rebellious Dutch provinces and the Spanish. The Cologne War caused the consolidation of Wittelsbach authority in northwestern German territories and in a Catholic revival on the lower Rhine. Importantly, it also set a precedent for outside intervention in German religious and dynastic conflicts.
Read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne_War
_______________________________ Today's selected anniversaries:
1729:
Natchez Indians suddenly revolted against French colonists near modern-day Natchez, Mississippi, US, killing over 240 people. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natchez_Massacre
1776:
American Revolutionary War: British reinforcements brought an end to the Patriot attempt to capture Fort Cumberland in Nova Scotia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Cumberland
1899:
FC Barcelona, one of the most successful clubs in Spanish football, was founded by Swiss football pioneer Joan Gamper. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona
1972:
Atari released Pong (screenshot pictured), one of the first video games to achieve widespread popularity in both the arcade and home console markets. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pong
1987:
Korean Air Flight 858 exploded over the Andaman Sea after two North Korean agents left a time bomb in an overhead compartment, killing all 115 people on board. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_858
_____________________________ Wiktionary's word of the day:
sanguinolent: Containing or tinged with blood. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sanguinolent
___________________________ Wikiquote quote of the day:
Some people talk as if meeting the gaze of absolute goodness would be fun. They need to think again. They are still only playing with religion. Goodness is either the great safety or the great danger — according to the way you react to it. --C. S. Lewis https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis