Cefnllys Castle was a medieval spur castle sited on a ridge – possibly an earlier Iron Age hillfort – above the River Ithon in Radnorshire, Wales. The first masonry castle at the site was constructed around 1242 to control several routes through the Welsh Marches. Cefnllys became a source of friction between Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and Roger Mortimer in the prelude to Edward I's conquest of Wales. The castle was captured and razed in 1262 by Llywelyn, during a war with Henry III of England, and Cefnllys featured prominently in the ensuing peace treaty. The construction of a new castle was a contributing factor to Llywelyn's refusal to swear fealty to Edward I in 1275, leading to war in 1276. The castle may have been sacked during the revolts of Madog ap Llywelyn (1294–1295) and Owain Glyndŵr (1400–1415), but it remained occupied until at least the mid-15th century. Both castles are now entirely ruinous and only traces remain.
Read more: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cefnllys_Castle
_______________________________ Today's selected anniversaries:
1826:
More than a third of U.S. Military Academy cadets in West Point, New York, rioted after consuming eggnog with whiskey during a Christmas party. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggnog_Riot
1846:
The Sultanate of Brunei ceded the island of Labuan to the British Empire as a crown colony. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Labuan
1964:
The Viet Cong bombed the Brinks Hotel in Saigon, killing two U.S. Army officers and raising fears of an escalation of the Vietnam War. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_Brinks_Hotel_bombing
1999:
Jihadists linked to al-Qaeda hijacked Indian Airlines Flight 814 to force the release of Islamist figures held in prison in India. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Airlines_Flight_814
_____________________________ Wiktionary's word of the day:
party spirit: 1. A feeling or sense of celebration or enjoyment. 2. (politics) The feeling of common purpose and togetherness experienced or shown by members or supporters of a group, especially a political party, sometimes accompanied by unreasonable animosity towards members or supporters of other groups. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/party_spirit
___________________________ Wikiquote quote of the day:
What actions are the most excellent? Those, certainly, which most powerfully appeal to the great primary human affections: to those elementary feelings which subsist permanently in the race, and which are independent of time. These feelings are permanent and the same; that which interests them is permanent and the same also. --Matthew Arnold https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Matthew_Arnold