Sutton Hoo Helmet is a 2002 sculpture by the English artist Rick Kirby.
A representation of the Anglo-Saxon helmet of the same name found in the
Sutton Hoo ship-burial, it was commissioned by the National Trust to
hang outside the Sutton Hoo visitor centre. Together with the centre,
the sculpture was unveiled by Nobel laureate Seamus Heaney on 13 March
2002. Weighing 900 kg (2,000 lb), it is 1.8 m (5.9 ft) high, 1.2 m
(3.9 ft) wide and 1.6 m (5.2 ft) deep. It is made of mild steel
plates that are coloured red. Designed to have a "fierce presence", it
is inspired by the fragmentary appearance of the reconstructed helmet
rather than the glistening replica made by the Royal Armouries. Steel is
Kirby's favoured medium, allowing the sense of scale and dramatic impact
found in Sutton Hoo Helmet. The sculpture is illustrative of Kirby's
largely figural body of work, and its mask-like quality has been
repeated in subsequent pieces.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo_Helmet_%28sculpture%29>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1697:
The Peace of Ryswick was signed between France and the Grand
Alliance, ending the Nine Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick>
1944:
Second World War: Allied forces captured San Marino from the
German Army.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino>
1973:
Billie Jean King defeated Bobby Riggs (both pictured) in
straight sets at the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, in an internationally
televised tennis match dubbed the "Battle of the Sexes".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sexes_%28tennis%29>
2006:
The Real Irish Republican Army carried out a rocket launcher
attack on the headquarters of MI6 in Vauxhall, London, but the building
suffered little damage and there were no casualties.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_MI6_attack>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
missing in action:
1. (chiefly military) The designation for a member of an organization
(usually military) with whom contact is lost and whose whereabouts are
not known, but whose death is not confirmed.
2. (by extension) Not present when one is expected to be.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/missing_in_action>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
History is full of stories, full of triumph and tragedy and
battles won and lost. It is the people who speak to me, the men and
women who once lived and loved and dreamed and grieved, just as we do.
Though some may have had crowns on their heads or blood on their hands,
in the end they were not so different from you and me, and therein lies
their fascination. I suppose I am still a believer in the now
unfashionable "heroic" school, which says that history is shaped by
individual men and women and the choices that they make, by deeds
glorious and terrible.
--George R. R. Martin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_R._R._Martin>
Suillus bovinus, the Jersey cow mushroom, is a pored mushroom in the
family Suillaceae. A common fungus native to Europe and Asia, it has
been introduced to North America and Australia. It was initially
described as Boletus bovinus by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, and given its
current binomial name by Henri François Anne de Roussel in 1806. It is
an edible mushroom, though not highly regarded. The fungus grows in
coniferous forests in its native range, and pine plantations elsewhere.
It is sometimes parasitised by the related mushroom Gomphidius roseus.
S. bovinus produces spore-bearing mushrooms, often in large numbers,
each with a convex grey-yellow or ochre cap reaching up to 10 cm
(4 in) in diameter, flattening with age. As in other boletes, the cap
has spore tubes extending downward from the underside, rather than
gills. The pore surface is yellow. The stalk, more slender than those of
other Suillus boletes, lacks a ring.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suillus_bovinus>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1893:
New Zealand became the first country to introduce universal
suffrage, following the women's suffrage movement led by Kate Sheppard.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand>
1944:
World War II: Finland, the Soviet Union, and the United Kingdom
signed the Moscow Armistice to end the Continuation War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuation_War>
1985:
An 8.0 Mw earthquake struck Mexico City (damage pictured),
killing at least 9,000 people and leaving up to 100,000 homeless.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_Mexico_City_earthquake>
2011:
Mariano Rivera surpassed Trevor Hoffman to become Major League
Baseball's all-time saves leader.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Rivera>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
yo-ho-ho:
A cry associated with pirates and seafaring, originally a repetitive
chant intended to synchronize workers performing some collective
physical labour, such as hauling on a rope.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yo-ho-ho>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
I think women are foolish to pretend they are equal to men —
they are far superior and always have been.
--William Golding
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/William_Golding>
James Park Woods (1886–1963) was an Australian recipient of the
Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy
that could be awarded to members of the Australian armed forces at the
time. Woods enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force in September 1916,
and joined the 48th Battalion in France in September 1917. He
participated in the First Battle of Passchendaele the following month.
In 1918, Woods was hospitalised twice, finally returning to his unit in
mid-August. On 18 September, the 48th Battalion was involved in the
attack on the Hindenburg Outpost Line. During this battle Woods led a
four-man patrol in an attack on a strong German post, inflicting severe
casualties and driving more than thirty Germans from the position. His
actions during this assault and subsequent defence against German
counter-attacks resulted in him being awarded the Victoria Cross. His
medals are now displayed in the Hall of Valour at the Australian War
Memorial.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Park_Woods>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1809:
The second theatre of the Royal Opera House in London opened
after a fire destroyed the original theatre one year earlier.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House>
1851:
The New York Times, the largest metropolitan newspaper in the
United States, was founded.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times>
1948:
The Australian cricket team's Invincibles tour of England
concluded; they had played thirty-four matches, including five Tests,
without defeat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_cricket_team_in_England_in_1948>
2014:
Scotland voted against independence from the United Kingdom.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
Ember day:
(Christianity) Any of the three days within the same week, four separate
sets of which occur roughly equidistant in the circuit of the year, that
are set aside for fasting and prayer. In Western Christianity they are
usually the Wednesday, Friday, and Saturday following the first Sunday
in Lent, Whitsunday, Holy Cross Day (14 September), and Saint Lucy's Day
(13 December).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ember_day>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
I have to tell you I don't just see this role of women as
caretakers in the world that I cover, I see it in the world I live in.
Slowly, slowly, slowly but definitely, the workplace is becoming a more
humane place because of the presence of women.
--Cokie Roberts
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cokie_Roberts>
Harriet Tubman (1822–1913) was an African-American abolitionist and
political activist. Born into slavery, Tubman escaped in 1849, then
returned 13 times to rescue approximately 70 of her enslaved family and
friends. Traveling by night, she used a network of antislavery activists
and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. After the Fugitive
Slave Act of 1850 was passed, she helped fugitives go farther north into
British North America, and helped newly freed slaves find work. Tubman
met John Brown in 1858, and helped him plan and recruit for his 1859
raid on Harpers Ferry. When the Civil War began, she worked for the
Union Army, first as a cook and nurse, and then as an armed scout and
spy. The first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war, she guided
the raid at Combahee Ferry, which liberated more than 700 slaves. Later
in life she was an activist for women's suffrage. After her death, she
was celebrated as an American icon.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Tubman>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1683:
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek wrote a letter to the Royal Society
describing "animalcules" – the first known description of protozoa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonie_van_Leeuwenhoek>
1914:
Andrew Fisher, whose previous term as prime minister of
Australia oversaw a period of reform unmatched in the Commonwealth until
the 1940s, became prime minister for the third time.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Fisher>
1939:
World War II: The Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east,
sixteen days after Nazi Germany's attack on the country from the west.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland>
1970:
The Jordanian Army commenced operations to oust Palestinian
fedayeen from Jordan, in what became known as Black September (smoke
rising above Amman pictured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_September>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
hokum:
1. (countable, uncountable, informal) (An instance of) meaningless
nonsense with an outward appearance of being impressive and legitimate.
2. (countable, uncountable, informal) (An instance of) excessively
contrived, hackneyed, or sentimental material in a film, television
programme, theater production, etc.
3. (countable, informal) A film, television programme, theater
production, etc., containing excessively contrived, hackneyed, or
sentimental material.
4. (uncountable, music) A genre of blues song or music, often
characterized by sexual innuendos or satire.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hokum>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Well you're looking for another end Doing time But you still
can't turn away Well you're looking for a real friend Any kind That
wants to play the games you play On this side of paradise Where you're
never going to go through twice Stay tuned at any price To this side
of paradise.
--Ric Ocasek
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Ric_Ocasek>
Kevin Beattie (18 December 1953 – 16 September 2018) was an English
footballer. Born into poverty, he played at both professional and
international levels, mostly as a centre-half. He spent the majority of
his playing career at Ipswich Town, with whom he won both the FA Cup and
the UEFA Cup. He was named the inaugural Professional Footballers'
Association Young Player of the Year at the end of the 1972–73 season.
He suffered a variety of injuries, and his playing career included some
controversy, such as when he went missing when selected for England's
under-23 team. After retiring from playing, he descended into alcohol
abuse before finding a new career in later life as a football
commentator on television and radio. Beattie has been called Ipswich
Town's best ever player by many pundits and polls. Former Ipswich (and
later England) manager Bobby Robson called him the best England player
he had seen.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Beattie>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1940:
Second World War: Italy captured the town of Sidi Barrani, but
its invasion of Egypt (Italian tanks pictured) progressed no further.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt>
1961:
The United States' National Hurricane Research Project sought
to weaken Hurricane Esther by seeding it with silver iodide, leading to
the establishment of Project Stormfury.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Stormfury>
1979:
Eight people escaped from East Germany to the West in a home-
made hot air balloon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_German_balloon_escape>
2013:
A lone gunman fatally shot twelve people and injured three
others in a mass shooting at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems
Command in Washington, D.C.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard_shooting>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
thou:
1. (transitive) To address (a person) using the pronoun thou, especially
as an expression of contempt or familiarity.
2. (intransitive) To use the word thou.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/thou>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Yes; as the music changes, Like a prismatic glass, It takes the
light and ranges Through all the moods that pass; Dissects the common
carnival Of passions and regrets, And gives the world a glimpse of all
The colours it forgets.
--Alfred Noyes
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alfred_Noyes>
Operation Paravane was a British air raid of World War II on the German
battleship Tirpitz. The attack on 15 September 1944 by 21 Royal Air
Force heavy bombers did irreparable damage, rendering the ship unfit for
combat. A series of raids conducted from April to August by Royal Navy
aircraft carriers had sought unsuccessfully to sink or disable the
battleship at her anchorage in Kaafjord in the far north of German-
occupied Norway, encountering formidable German defences. In September,
Avro Lancaster bombers from two elite squadrons of RAF Bomber Command,
flying from an airfield in the Soviet Union, attacked using heavy bombs
and air-dropped mines. All of the British aircraft returned to base. The
Allies were unable to confirm the extent of the battleship's damage, and
conducted two further heavy bomber raids against her in late 1944 that
sank the ship with considerable loss of life.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Paravane>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1831:
The John Bull, the oldest operable steam locomotive in the
world, ran for the first time in New Jersey on the Camden and Amboy
Railroad.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bull_%28locomotive%29>
1944:
World War II: American and Australian forces landed on the
Japanese-occupied island of Morotai.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai>
1959:
Nikita Khrushchev began a state visit to the United States,
becoming the first Soviet leader to do so.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Khrushchev_visit_to_the_United_States>
2008:
Financial crisis of 2007–2008: The global financial services
firm Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy while holding over $600
billion in assets, the largest such filing in U.S. history.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankruptcy_of_Lehman_Brothers>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
orphrey:
1. (obsolete) Any elaborate embroidery, especially when made of gold
thread; an object (such as clothing or fabric) adorned with such
embroidery.
2. (Christianity) An embroidered ornamental band or border on an
ecclesiastical vestment, altar frontal, etc.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orphrey>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
To be part of something one doesn't in the least understand is, I
think, one of the most intriguing things about life. I like living. I
have sometimes been wildly despairing, acutely miserable, racked with
sorrow, but through it all I still know quite certainly that just to be
alive is a grand thing.
--Agatha Christie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie>
Thomas F. Mulledy (1794–1860) was a Catholic priest from Virginia and
a prominent leader of the American Jesuits. He twice served as President
of Georgetown College in Washington, D.C., where he undertook a
significant building campaign. After his first presidency, he was
appointed provincial superior of the Jesuit Maryland province in 1837.
The following year, Mulledy executed the sale of 272 slaves owned by the
Maryland Jesuits in order to relieve the province's mounting debts.
After an outcry from his fellow Jesuits over the immorality of the sale,
church authorities in Rome exiled him to Nice for several years, for
insubordination and promoting scandal. Following his return to the
United States in 1843, he became the first President of the College of
the Holy Cross in Massachusetts, where he oversaw the construction of
the college's first building. In his later years, he engaged in
preaching and pastoral work, and assisted Holy Cross during
investigations by the Know Nothing Party.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Mulledy>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1723:
António Manoel de Vilhena, Grand Master of the Knights
Hospitaller, laid the first stone of Fort Manoel in Malta.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Manoel>
1943:
World War II: Nazi forces began a mass extermination campaign
against the civilian residents of around 20 villages on the Greek island
of Crete, eventually killing more than 500 men.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viannos_massacres>
1979:
Afghan president Nur Muhammad Taraki was overthrown and later
killed, on the orders of Hafizullah Amin, who succeeded him.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nur_Muhammad_Taraki>
2003:
President Kumba Ialá of Guinea-Bissau was deposed in a
bloodless military coup.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumba_Ial%C3%A1>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
epicene:
1. (linguistics) Of or relating to a class of Greek and Latin nouns that
may refer to males or females but have a fixed grammatical gender
(feminine, masculine, neuter, etc.).
2. (linguistics) Of or relating to nouns or pronouns in any language
that have a single form for male and female referents.
3. (by extension) Suitable for use regardless of sex; unisex.
4. (biology and figuratively) Of indeterminate sex, whether asexual,
androgynous, hermaphrodite, or intersex.
5. (by extension) Indeterminate; mixed.
6. (by extension, usually derogatory) Of a man: effeminate.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epicene>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Baby hold on to me Whatever will be, will be The future is ours
to see So baby hold on to me.
--Eddie Money
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Eddie_Money>
The Tahiti rail (Gallirallus pacificus) is an extinct bird species from
Tahiti. The rail was first recorded during James Cook's second voyage in
1772–1775, during which it was painted by Georg Forster and described
by his father Johann. It may have also existed on nearby Mehetia. It
appears to have been closely related to the buff-banded rail, and has
been confused with that bird's Tongan subspecies. The Tahiti rail was
9 in (23 cm) long, with white on its underparts, throat, and
"eyebrows". Its upper parts were black with white dots and bands, the
hind neck was rust-coloured, the breast was grey, and it had a black
band across its throat. The bill and iris were red, and the legs were
pink. It was supposedly flightless, and nested on the ground. It
frequented open areas, marshes, and coconut plantations, eating mainly
insects and some coconut meat. Its extinction, after 1844 on Tahiti, and
perhaps in the 1930s on Mehetia, was probably due to predation by humans
and introduced cats and rats.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti_rail>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1899:
An expedition led by Halford Mackinder made the first ascent of
Mount Kenya, the second-highest mountain in Africa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kenya>
1959:
Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 impacted the Moon, becoming the first
spacecraft to reach another celestial body.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_2>
1985:
Super Mario Bros., one of the best-selling and most influential
video games of all time, was first released for the Nintendo
Entertainment System in Japan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Bros.>
2008:
Five bomb blasts took place within a span of a few minutes in
Delhi, India, in a terrorist attack in a series committed by the Indian
Mujahideen.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_September_2008_Delhi_bombings>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
cardsharp:
(card games) A professional cheater at card games.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cardsharp>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
I see the bad moon arising I see trouble on the way I see
earthquakes and lightnin' I see bad times today. Don't go around
tonight Well, it's bound to take your life There's a bad moon on the
rise.
--John Fogerty
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Fogerty>
Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346 was a large-scale mounted raid directed
by Henry, Earl of Lancaster, in south western France during the Hundred
Years' War. The main English army had defeated the larger French army at
the Battle of Crécy in August, and French defences in the south west
were left weak and disorganised. Lancaster took advantage by leading a
raid between 12 September and 31 October 1346 while sending other forces
into Quercy and the Bazadais. All three offensives were successful, with
Lancaster's chevauchée, of approximately 2,000 English and Gascon
soldiers, meeting no effective resistance from the French, penetrating
160 miles (260 kilometres) north and storming the rich city of Poitiers.
His force then razed and looted large areas of Saintonge, Aunis and
Poitou, capturing numerous towns, castles and smaller fortified places
as they went. The offensives completely disrupted the French defences
and shifted the focus of the fighting.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancaster%27s_chevauch%C3%A9e_of_1346>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1848:
Switzerland became a federal state with the adoption of a new
constitution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland>
1942:
RMS Laconia was sunk by a U-boat off the coast of West Africa,
which then attempted to rescue the passengers as it was acting under the
old prize rules.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laconia_incident>
1962:
At Rice Stadium in Houston, U.S. president John F. Kennedy made
a speech later known by the line "We choose to go to the Moon" (video
featured).
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon>
2015:
An explosion involving illegally stored mining detonators in
Petlawad, in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh, killed 104 people and
injured more than 150 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petlawad_explosion>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
connive:
1. (intransitive) Often followed by with: to secretly cooperate with
another person or persons in order to commit a crime or other
wrongdoing; to collude, to conspire.
2. (intransitive, botany, rare) Of parts of a plant: to be converging or
in close contact; to be connivent.
3. (intransitive, obsolete) Often followed by at: to pretend to be
ignorant of something in order to escape blame; to ignore or overlook a
fault deliberately.
4. (intransitive, obsolete) To open and close the eyes rapidly; to wink.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/connive>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Clarity of thought is a shining point in a vast expanse of
unrelieved darkness. Genius is not so much a light as it is a constant
awareness of the surrounding gloom, and its typical cowardice is to
bathe in its own glow and avoid, as much as possible, looking out beyond
its boundary. No matter how much genuine strength it may contain, there
is also, inevitably, a considerable part that is only the pretense of
that strength.
--Stanisław Lem
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem>
"The City of New York vs. Homer Simpson" is the first episode of The
Simpsons' ninth season. The 179th episode of the series overall, it was
originally broadcast on the Fox network in the United States on
September 21, 1997. Written by Ian Maxtone-Graham, the episode features
the Simpson family traveling to recover the family car, which Barney
Gumble had abandoned in Manhattan with numerous parking tickets and a
parking boot. Executive producers Bill Oakley and Josh Weinstein
suggested that the car be found at the World Trade Center (pictured in
2001), as they wanted a location that would be widely known. The
animators painstakingly replicated city landmarks. The episode received
generally positive reviews, and has since been on accolade lists of The
Simpsons episodes. It was taken off syndication in many areas following
the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center, but had come back
into syndication by 2006.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_of_New_York_vs._Homer_Simpson>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1897:
Gaki Sherocho was captured by the forces of Ethiopian emperor
Menelik II, bringing an end to the Kingdom of Kaffa.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa>
1924:
French composer Gabriel Fauré (depicted) finished his last
composition, a string quartet, before dying two months later.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Faur%C3%A9>
1965:
Indo-Pakistani War: Indian infantry captured the town of Burki
near Lahore, Pakistan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Burki>
2012:
The American consulate and CIA annex in Libya were attacked by
a heavily armed group, resulting in the deaths of U.S. ambassador J.
Christopher Stevens and three other Americans.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Benghazi_attack>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
rouille:
(cooking) A type of sauce from Provence, France, often served with fish
dishes, consisting of olive oil with breadcrumbs, chili peppers, garlic,
and saffron.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rouille>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Ours is essentially a tragic age, so we refuse to take it
tragically. The cataclysm has happened, we are among the ruins, we start
to build up new little habitats, to have new little hopes. It is rather
hard work: there is now no smooth road into the future: but we go round,
or scramble over the obstacles. We’ve got to live, no matter how many
skies have fallen.
--D.H. Lawrence
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/D.H._Lawrence>