The history of Liverpool Football Club from 1959 to 1985 opens with the
appointment of Bill Shankly as manager of Liverpool, then a Second
Division club. Shankly overhauled the team and created the "Boot Room",
a meeting place to discuss strategy. The club quickly won promotion to
the First Division, and within four years won their first League
championship since 1946–47 and their first FA Cup. They won further
League championships in 1965–66 and 1972–73, the FA Cup in 1974, and
their first European trophy, the UEFA Cup, in 1973. Shankly retired and
his assistant Bob Paisley took over. Paisley won three European Cups,
the UEFA Cup and six League championships in nine years before retiring
at the end of 1982–83; he was replaced by his assistant, Joe Fagan.
Liverpool won three trophies during Fagan's first season as manager: a
fourth European Cup, the League championship and the Football League
Cup. At the European Cup Final in 1985, Liverpool fans were responsible
for crowd trouble at the Heysel Stadium. In the resulting panic, a wall
collapsed; 39 fans, mostly Italian, died, and English clubs were banned
from European competition for five years. (
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Liverpool_F.C._(1959%E2%80%9385)>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
365:
A large earthquake that occurred near Crete and its subsequent
tsunami caused widespread destruction throughout the eastern
Mediterranean region.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/365_Crete_earthquake>
1831:
In Brussels, Leopold I was inaugurated as the first King of the
Belgians.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium>
1861:
In the First Battle of Bull Run, the first major land battle in
the American Civil War, the Confederate Army under Joseph E. Johnston
and P. G. T. Beauregard routed Union Army troops under Irvin McDowell.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run>
1969:
During the Apollo 11 mission, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
became the first humans to walk on the Moon.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin>
2012:
Turkish adventurer Erden Eruç became the first person in
history to complete a solo human-powered circumnavigation of the Earth.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erden_Eru%C3%A7>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
praemunire:
(law, historical) The offence in English law of bringing suit in or
obeying a foreign (especially papal) court or authority, thus
challenging the supremacy of the Crown.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/praemunire>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
There is a real, living unity in our time, as in any other, but it
lies submerged under a superficial hubbub of sensation.
--Marshall McLuhan
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan>
Sesame Street's format includes skits featuring Jim Henson's Muppets as
well as animation and short films to help its preschool audience prepare
for school. An American children's television program, it uses music,
humor, and sustained action to capture young viewers' attention.
Premiering in 1969, it was the first television show to base its
contents and production values on laboratory and scientific research,
and the first to base its curriculum on what its researchers termed
"measurable outcomes". It was also the first to use an authentic inner-
city street and neighborhood setting for a children's program. The
producers switched in 1998 from a magazine-based structure to a more
narrative format after the show's ratings dominance was challenged by
programs such as Barney and Friends and Blue's Clues. The popular
fifteen-minute segment "Elmo's World", hosted by the Muppet Elmo, was
added the same year to make the show more accessible to a younger
audience. The new format was expanded to the entire show in 2002.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format_of_Sesame_Street>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1592:
During the first Japanese invasion of Korea, Japanese forces
led by Toyotomi Hideyoshi captured Pyongyang, although they were
ultimately unable to hold it.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%9398)>
1779:
Tekle Giyorgis I began the first of his six reigns as Emperor
of Ethiopia.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekle_Giyorgis_I>
1936:
The Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits was
signed in Montreux, Switzerland, allowing Turkey to fortify the
Dardanelles and the Bosphorus but guaranteeing free passage to ships of
all nations in peacetime.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreux_Convention_Regarding_the_Regime_of_t…>
1976:
The Viking 1 lander became the first spacecraft to successfully
land on Mars and perform its mission.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_1>
2012:
Gunman James Eagan Holmes opened fire at a movie theater in
Aurora, Colorado, US, killing 12 people and injuring 58 others.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Aurora_shooting>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
Earth-grazing:
1. (astronomy) (About a meteoroid) Entering the Earth's atmosphere and
leaving into space again.
2. (astronomy) Approaching the Earth closely.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Earth-grazing>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Nobody climbs mountains for scientific reasons. Science is used to
raise money for the expeditions, but you really climb for the hell of
it.
--Edmund Hillary
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edmund_Hillary>
Pedro Afonso (1848–1850) was the Prince Imperial and heir apparent to
the throne of the Empire of Brazil. Born at the Palace of São
Cristóvão in Rio de Janeiro, he was the second son and youngest child
of Emperor Pedro II and Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies, and thus a
member of the Brazilian branch of the House of Braganza. His aunt was
the reigning Queen of Portugal, Dona Maria II. Pedro Afonso was seen as
vital to the future viability of the monarchy, which had been put in
jeopardy by the death of his older brother Afonso almost three years
earlier. Pedro Afonso's early death from fever at the age of one
devastated the Emperor, and the imperial couple had no further children.
Pedro Afonso's older sister Isabel became heiress, but Pedro II was
unconvinced that a woman could ever be accepted as monarch by the ruling
elite. He excluded Isabel from matters of state, and failed to provide
training for her possible role as empress. With no surviving male
children, the Emperor started to believe that the imperial line was
destined to end with his own death.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Afonso,_Prince_Imperial_of_Brazil>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1553:
Lady Jane Grey was replaced by Mary I as Queen of England after
holding that title for just nine days.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_I_of_England>
1843:
SS Great Britain, the first ocean-going ship that had both an
iron hull and a screw propeller, launched from Bristol, UK.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Great_Britain>
1903:
French cyclist Maurice Garin won the first Tour de France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_Tour_de_France>
1916:
First World War: "The worst 24 hours in Australia's entire
history" occurred when Australian forces suffered heavy losses in their
unsuccessful assault on the Germans at the Battle of Fromelles in
France.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Fromelles>
1981:
French President François Mitterrand privately revealed to US
President Ronald Reagan documents showing that the Soviets had been
stealing American technological research and development.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farewell_Dossier>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
awkward:
1. Lacking dexterity in the use of the hands, or of instruments.
2. Not easily managed or effected; embarrassing.
3. Lacking social skills, or uncomfortable with social interaction.
4. Perverse; adverse; difficult to handle.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/awkward>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
You must aim high, not in what you are going to do at some future
date, but in what you are going to make yourself do to-day. Otherwise,
working is just a waste of time.
--Edgar Degas
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Edgar_Degas>
State Route 56 (SR 56) is an east–west state highway in the U.S.
state of California. It runs 9.2 miles (14.8 km) from Interstate 5
(I-5) in the Carmel Valley neighborhood of San Diego to I-15. It is
named after Ted Williams, a baseball player born in San Diego. The
eastern terminus of the highway meets the western end of the Ted
Williams Parkway. SR 56 serves as an important connector between I-5
and I-15, being the only east–west freeway between SR 78 in north San
Diego County, several miles away, and SR 52 near Marine Corps Air
Station Miramar. SR 56 was added to the state highway system in 1959 as
Legislative Route 278, and was renumbered SR 56 in the 1964 state
highway renumbering. A plan in 1964 to connect SR 56 to the north end
of SR 125 and continue east to SR 67 did not come to fruition. The
eastern end from Black Mountain Road to I-15 was opened in 1993; the
western end from I-5 to Carmel Creek Road was delayed until 1995 by
several lawsuits. The two ends were not connected until the freeway was
completed in 2004; the delay was largely due to funding issues and
environmental concerns.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Route_56>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1389:
France and England agreed to the Truce of Leulinghem,
establishing a 13-year peace during the Hundred Years' War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truce_of_Leulinghem>
1841:
Pedro II, the last Emperor of Brazil, having reigned in
minority since 1831, was acclaimed, crowned and consecrated.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil>
1863:
American Civil War: Led by Union Army Colonel Robert Gould
Shaw, the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment, the first formal African
American military unit, spearheaded an assault on Fort Wagner, South
Carolina.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/54th_Massachusetts_Infantry_Regiment>
1976:
At the Olympic Games in Montreal, Nadia Comăneci became the
first person to score a perfect 10 in a modern Olympics gymnastics
event.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Com%C4%83neci>
1995:
Selena's album Dreaming of You, instrumental in popularizing
Tejano music, was released posthumously.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreaming_of_You_(album)>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
chinwag:
(Britain, informal) An informal conversation, usually about everyday
matters; a chat, a gossip.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chinwag>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Education is the great engine of personal development. It is
through education that the daughter of a peasant can become a doctor,
that the son of a mineworker can become the head of the mine, that a
child of farmworkers can become the president of a great nation. It is
what we make out of what we have, not what we are given, that separates
one person from another.
--Nelson Mandela
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nelson_Mandela>
Operation Mascot was an unsuccessful British air raid on the German
battleship Tirpitz which took place during the early hours of 17 July
1944. One of a series of aircraft carrier strikes between April and
August 1944 against the battleship at anchor in Kaafjord, Norway, the
raid was conducted by 44 British dive bombers and 40 fighters from three
carriers. They were detected en route by German radar stations, and
Tirpitz was protected by a smoke screen by the time they arrived. Few of
the British airmen were able to spot the battleship, and their attacks
did not inflict any significant damage. German losses were limited to a
patrol craft damaged beyond repair; three British aircraft were
destroyed or damaged beyond repair by Kaafjord's defenders. Two U-boats
from a group attempting to intercept the carrier force were sunk by
British patrol aircraft, and several others were damaged. Despite the
failure of Operation Mascot, the Royal Navy attempted four further
carrier raids against Tirpitz during August 1944. These attacks were
also unsuccessful, and the task of sinking the battleship was
transferred to the Royal Air Force.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Mascot>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1791:
French Revolution: Members of the National Guard fired into a
large crowd that was gathered at the Champ de Mars, Paris to sign a
petition demanding the removal of King Louis XVI.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_Massacre>
1863:
The New Zealand Wars resumed as British forces in New Zealand
led by General Duncan Cameron began their Invasion of the Waikato.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Waikato>
1918:
RMS Carpathia, which had rescued the survivors of the RMS
Titanic sinking, was itself sunk by a German U-boat.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Carpathia>
1936:
Nationalist rebels attempted a coup d'état against the Second
Spanish Republic, sparking the Spanish Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936>
1996:
TWA Flight 800 exploded in mid-air (wreckage pictured) and
crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TWA_Flight_800>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
unused:
1. (not comparable) Not used.
2. Not accustomed (to), unfamiliar with.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unused>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
The real damage from terrorist attacks doesn't come from the
explosion. The real damage is done after the explosion, by the victims,
who repeatedly and determinedly attack themselves, giving over reason in
favor of terror. Every London cop who stops someone from taking a
picture of a public building, every TSA agent who takes away your kid's
toothpaste, every NSA spook who wiretaps your email, does the
terrorist's job for him. Terrorism is about magnifying one mediagenic
act of violence into one hundred billion acts of terrorized
authoritarian idiocy.
--Cory Doctorow
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Cory_Doctorow>
The Requiem by Max Reger is a late Romantic setting of Friedrich
Hebbel's poem "Requiem" for alto or baritone solo, chorus and orchestra.
The text begins with a plea not to forget the dead. Composed in 1915,
Reger dedicated it "to the memory of the German heroes" who died in the
World War. He had composed Requiem settings before: in 1912 a motet for
male chorus, set to the same poem, and in 1914 an unfinished setting of
the Latin Requiem, in memory of victims of the war. The 1915 Requiem,
Reger's last completed work for chorus and orchestra, was published by
N. Simrock in 1916, after the composer's death. It was paired with
another choral composition, Der Einsiedler (The Hermit), set to a poem
by Joseph von Eichendorff, titled Zwei Gesänge für gemischten Chor mit
Orchester (Two songs for mixed chorus with orchestra), Op. 144. Both
works were first performed in Heidelberg on 16 July 1916 as part of a
memorial concert for Reger, conducted by Philipp Wolfrum. Reger thought
that The Hermit and the Requiem were "among the most beautiful things"
he had ever written.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_(Reger)>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1782:
Mozart's opera Die Entführung aus dem Serail made its
premiere, after which Emperor Joseph II anecdotally made the comment
that it had "too many notes".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Entf%C3%BChrung_aus_dem_Serail>
1862:
David Farragut became the first person to be promoted to the
rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Farragut>
1931:
Emperor of Ethiopia Haile Selassie signed the nation's first
constitution, the first time in history that an absolute ruler
voluntarily sought to share sovereignty with his subjects.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia>
1990:
A 7.8 MS earthquake struck the densely populated Philippine
island of Luzon, killing an estimated 1,621 people.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_Luzon_earthquake>
2008:
Sixteen infants in Gansu Province, China, were diagnosed with
kidney stones due to tainted milk powder; overall 300,000 infants were
affected.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Chinese_milk_scandal>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
gentile:
1. A non-Jewish person.
2. (grammar) A noun derived from a proper noun which denotes something
belonging to or coming from a particular city, nation, or country.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gentile>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
I am impressed by the great limitations of the human mind. How
quick are we to learn, that is, to imitate what others have done or
thought before. And how slow to understand, that is, to see the deeper
connections. Slowest of all, however, are we in inventing new
connections or even in applying old ideas in a new field.
--Frits Zernike
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frits_Zernike>
Learie Constantine (1901–1971) was a West Indian cricketer, lawyer and
politician who played 18 Test matches before the Second World War.
Although his Test record was modest, he helped to establish a uniquely
West Indian style of aggressive play. He served as Trinidad's High
Commissioner to the United Kingdom and in 1969 became the UK's first
black peer. His early experiences of race discrimination affected him
profoundly, and in later life he was influential in the passing of the
1965 Race Relations Act in Britain. Born in Trinidad, Constantine toured
England with the West Indies cricket teams in 1923 and 1928 before
signing as a professional with the Lancashire League club Nelson. He
played for the club between 1929 and 1938, while continuing to appear in
Test cricket for the West Indies; he lived mainly in England for the
rest of his life. After qualifying as a barrister in 1954, Constantine
returned to Trinidad, entered politics and served in the Trinidad
government as minister of communications. In 1961 he was appointed
Trinidad's High Commissioner in the UK, serving until 1964 and remaining
in London thereafter. In his final years, he served on the Race
Relations Board, the Sports Council and the Board of Governors of the
BBC.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learie_Constantine>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1410:
The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated
the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald,
the decisive engagement of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald>
1799:
French soldiers uncovered the Rosetta Stone in Fort Julien,
near the Egyptian port city of Rashid.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosetta_Stone>
1870:
Manitoba and the Northwest Territories were established
following the transfer of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory
from the Hudson's Bay Company to Canada.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwest_Territories>
1916:
William Boeing incorporated the Pacific Aero Products Company,
which was later renamed Boeing.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing>
1966:
Vietnam War: The United States and South Vietnam began
Operation Hastings to push the North Vietnamese out of the Vietnamese
Demilitarized Zone.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Hastings>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
outdoorsy:
1. (informal) Associated with the outdoors, or suited to outdoor life.
2. (informal) Fond of the outdoors.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/outdoorsy>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
In the fields with which we are concerned knowledge exists only in
lightning flashes. The text is the thunder rolling long afterwards.
--Walter Benjamin
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Walter_Benjamin>
The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season produced 14 tropical cyclones,
including 12 named storms, 4 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes. A
record-tying eight storms developed in September. No tropical storms
formed after October 6—a rare occurrence, caused partly by El Niño
conditions. The most intense hurricane of the season was Isidore, with a
minimum central pressure of 934 mbar, although Hurricane Lili attained
higher winds and peaked at Category 4 on the Saffir–Simpson Scale.
The season was less destructive than average, causing an estimated
US$2.6 billion in property damage and 23 fatalities. In September,
Hurricane Gustav moved ashore on Nova Scotia as it was transitioning
into an extratropical cyclone, lashing the region with high winds for
several days. Isidore struck the Yucatan Peninsula and later the United
States, causing about $970 million in damage and killing a total of
seven. Several other storms directly affected land during August and
September, including the longest lived of the season, Hurricane Kyle. In
early October, Lili made landfall in Louisiana, where it caused
$860 million in damage and 15 deaths.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Atlantic_hurricane_season>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
756:
Emperor Xuanzong fled the Tang capital Chang'an as An Lushan's
forces advance toward the city during the An Lushan Rebellion.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang>
1791:
The Priestley Riots began, in which Joseph Priestley and other
religious Dissenters were driven out of Birmingham, England.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priestley_Riots>
1865:
A seven-man team made the first ascent of the Matterhorn,
marking the end of the golden age of alpinism.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent_of_the_Matterhorn>
1933:
With the enactment of the Law for the Prevention of
Hereditarily Diseased Offspring, the Nazi Party began its eugenics
program.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseas…>
2003:
In an effort to discredit US Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson, who
had written an article critical of the invasion of Iraq, Washington Post
columnist Robert Novak revealed that Wilson's wife Valerie Plame was a
CIA "operative".
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plame_affair>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
wouldn't shout if a shark bit him:
1. (Australia, idiomatic) To be frugal or miserly.
2. A play on shout, which can mean both "to scream" or "to buy drinks".
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wouldn%27t_shout_if_a_shark_bit_him>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
Let me be known as just the man that told you something you
already knew.
--Woody Guthrie
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Woody_Guthrie>
Margaret Murray (13 July 1863 – 13 November 1963) was an Anglo-Indian
Egyptologist, archaeologist, historian, and folklorist. The first female
archaeology lecturer in the United Kingdom, she worked at University
College London (UCL) and served as President of the Folklore Society.
Born in Calcutta, Murray moved to London and began studying Egyptology
at UCL. The department head Flinders Petrie encouraged her research and
soon appointed her Junior Professor. She established a reputation in
Egyptology for her excavations of the Osireion temple and Saqqara
cemetery. She taught at the British Museum and also the Manchester
Museum, where she led the unwrapping of one of the mummies from the Tomb
of the Two Brothers. A first-wave feminist, Murray joined the Women's
Social and Political Union. During the First World War, she began
promoting the hypothesis that the witch trials of Early Modern
Christendom were an attempt to extinguish a surviving pre-Christian
religion devoted to a Horned God. Although later academically
discredited, the theory gained widespread attention and provided the
basis for Wicca.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Murray>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1830:
Scottish Church College, the oldest continuously running
Christian liberal arts and sciences college in India, was founded as the
General Assembly's Institution.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Church_College>
1863:
Three days of rioting began in New York City by opponents of
new laws passed by the United States Congress to draft men to fight in
the ongoing American Civil War.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots>
1941:
The Communist Party of Yugoslavia initiated a general and
popular uprising against Italian occupation forces in Montenegro that
was suppressed within six weeks.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uprising_in_Montenegro>
1962:
In an unprecedented action, British Prime Minister Harold
Macmillan dismissed seven members of his Cabinet.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1962)>
2008:
War in Afghanistan: Taliban guerrillas attacked NATO troops
near the village of Wanat in the Waygal district in Afghanistan's far
eastern province of Nuristan.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wanat>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
pentaquark:
(physics) Any of a class of subatomic particles (previously
hypothetical, since detected, subject to confirmation) consisting of a
group of five quarks (compared to three quarks in normal baryons and two
in mesons), or more specifically four quarks and one antiquark (symbol
Θ).
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pentaquark>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
There is (gentle reader) nothing (the works of God only set apart)
which so much beautifies and adorns the soul and mind of man as does
knowledge of the good arts and sciences. Many arts there are which
beautify the mind of man; but of all none do more garnish and beautify
it than those arts which are called mathematical, unto the knowledge of
which no man can attain, without perfect knowledge and instruction of
the principles, grounds, and Elements of Geometry.
--John Dee
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_Dee>
Katsudō Shashin is a filmstrip speculated to be the oldest work of
animation in Japan. Three seconds long, it depicts a boy who writes
"moving picture" in Japanese script, removes his hat, and waves.
Discovered in a collection of films and projectors in Kyoto, its creator
is unknown. Natsuki Matsumoto, an expert in iconography at the Osaka
University of Arts, determined that it was most likely made before 1912.
It may have been influenced by animated filmstrips for German
cinematographs, devices that first appeared in Japan in 1904. Evidence
suggests Katsudō Shashin was mass-produced to be sold to wealthy owners
of home projectors. To Matsumoto, the relatively poor quality and low-
tech printing technique indicate it was likely from a smaller film
company. Unlike in traditional animation, the frames were not produced
by photographing the images, but were impressed directly onto film. They
were stencilled in red and black using a device for making magic lantern
slides, and the filmstrip was fastened in a loop for continuous play.
Read more: <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katsud%C5%8D_Shashin>
_______________________________
Today's selected anniversaries:
1543:
King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Parr, his sixth
and last wife, at Hampton Court Palace.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Parr>
1843:
Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement,
proclaimed a revelation recommending polygamy.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_Latter_Day_Saint_polygamy>
1920:
The Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed, with Soviet
Russia agreeing to recognize an independent Lithuania.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Peace_Treaty>
1986:
The Homosexual Law Reform Act became law in New Zealand,
decriminalising consensual homosexual sex.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual_Law_Reform_Act_1986>
2006:
Hezbollah forces crossed the Israel–Lebanon border and
attacked Israeli military positions while firing rockets and mortars at
Israeli towns, sparking a five-week war.
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid>
_____________________________
Wiktionary's word of the day:
until the cows come home:
(idiomatic) For a very long period of time.
<https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/until_the_cows_come_home>
___________________________
Wikiquote quote of the day:
If you take all the machinery in the world and dump it in the
ocean, within months more than half of all humanity will die and within
another six months they’d almost all be gone; if you took all the
politicians in the world, put them in a rocket, and sent them to the
moon, everyone would get along fine.
--Buckminster Fuller
<https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller>