My question is: If you are going from one translated page (e.g. base page
in en, translated page in fr) to another page (in en) that has a
translation for the same language (fr), can you automatically stay in this
language? I.e. if you on [[A/fr]] you click on [[B]], can are you
automatically taken to [[B/fr]]?
Yes. Have you read the "Links" row in https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Extension:Translate/Page_translation_administration#Markup_examples ? If it's not clear enough, please let us know. MediaWiki's assumption is that the French-speaking user of your example would also like to have the interface in French and to always read pages in French whenever possible.
Our resource is quite complex (e.g. extensive use of templates, and
semantic mediawiki) see
http://oer.educ.cam.ac.uk/wiki/OER4Schools - would somebody with MLEB
experience be happy to have a chat to see whether MLEB is the right tool?
I'm extremely interested in hearing of your use case (an OER wiki), the more you tell us about it the merrier!