Andrzej,

Thank you for the information about UNL, its patent expirations and for the hyperlinks: http://www.unlweb.net/unlweb/ and https://github.com/dikonov/Universal-Dictionary-of-Concepts . I will take a closer look at the hyperlinked-to materials.

If you find the UNL knowledge representation format to be interesting, you might also enjoy the following enhanced predicate calculus format:

{

r1.[@a1=v1](o1.[@a2=v2], o2.[@a3=v3]).[@a4=v4] [1]

r2.[@a5=v5](o3.[@a6=v6], o4.[@a7=v7]).[@a8=v8]

r3.[@a9=v9](o5.[@a10=v10], o6.[@a11=v11], o7.[@a12=v12]).[@a13=v13]

}.[@a14=v14] [2]

[1] derivation or referenced material

[2] derivation or referenced material

where attributes can adorn sets of expressions or propositions, individual expressions or propositions, relations and related things. The above enhanced predicate calculus format also includes the expressiveness for provenance information, derivations or referenced materials, for sets of expressions or propositions as well as individual expressions or propositions.

There is a mapping to XML:

<head>

</head>

<body>

<head>

</head>

<body>

</r1>

</body>

</expression>

...

</body>

</expressions>

So, the UNL example from Wikipedia [1]:

aoj(blue(icl>color).@entry.@past.@interrogative.@exclamation, sky(icl>natural world).@def)

could map to XML resembling:

<body>

<body>

<aoj>

</aoj>

</body>

</expression>

</body>

</expressions>

Best regards,

Adam

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Networking_Language

From: Andy
Sent: Monday, August 3, 2020 12:22 PM
To: abstract-wikipedia@lists.wikimedia.org
Subject: [Abstract-wikipedia] UNL

Universal Networking Language seems to be most advanced system from the list https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Abstract_Wikipedia/Related_and_previous_work/Natural_language_generation
Its main advantage is that it is not lemma-oriented but sense-oriented.
US patents
6,704,700 – active, 2020-11-17 Anticipated expiration
7,107,206 – Status Expired - Fee Related, 2022-07-22 Adjusted expiration

can we register to http://www.unlweb.net/unlweb/ and for example get some resources
see also github page: https://github.com/dikonov/Universal-Dictionary-of-Concepts

Main dictionary is sense list , one sense can have several lemmas synonyms in many languages.
Definitions is UNL-ized
I think, it will be well if Abstract would inspired by UNL. If it will possible if sense definitions will not only in Abstract graph, but full understood by computer? , for example:
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/star#Noun has 11 definitions,
1 and 2 are near, 4 and 5 are near, 1 and 4 are far, 4 seems to be sub-definition of 5
it is possible that computer find this properties of definitions?
Also each definition might have some context example and even distinguish rules (for WSD):
def 4: person, activities on film
def 5, person, general activities
def 9: often in phrase: his,her,out,their star
etc
I think it might several spaces:
- uniwersal dictionary of senses with definitions in abstract graph
- dictionaries for English and other languages
- main space – not common words but encyclopedic entities

Advantages of UNL- like approach
- sense-oriented
- can generate text in natural languages
- resource of understanding definitions
- data for learning word sense disambiguation problem

Best regards,
Andrzej