Hi Andy,
I don't speak Polish, so I don't know about the difference between the two Polish example sentences.
Regarding the English sentence though, my assumption is that we basically assume that the following sentences would all be more or less acceptable:
“In the deaf forest, a green rota of riflemen has stood in front of the forester's hut.”
and
“A green rota of riflemen has stood in front of the forester's hut in the deaf forest.”
Now this basically breaks down into a noun phrase for the subject, "a green rota of riflemen", and a verb phrase with a location, the latter also constructed with a noun phrase in its core, "(the) front of the forester's hut in the deaf forest".
Assuming that none of these are named entities, I expect the noun phrases to be built rather grammatically. I don't know what a rota is in this sentence (the sense given here
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rota#English doesn't seem to be something that can stand), so the question is how do we know to build "rota of riflemen", but assuming it is something like a troop or a group, we would have a function that would allow us to build a "rota of riflemen".
I hope that helps,
Denny