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<a href="#1">Blood thinners for the prevention of clots in patients with cancer undergoing surgery</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#2">Different infusion durations for preventing platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer</a>
</li>
<li>
<a href="#3">The effects of antibiotics on toothache caused by inflammation or infection at the root of the tooth in adults</a>
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<a name="1" style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:14px;" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/NewAndUpdatedSummaries/~3/TsT8aKMrgK0/GYNAECA_blood-thinners-for-the-prevention-of-clots-in-patients-with-cancer-undergoing-surgery?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email">Blood thinners for the prevention of clots in patients with cancer undergoing surgery</a>
</p>
<p style="font-size:11px;color:#555;margin:9px 0 3px 0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:11px;">
<span>Posted:</span> 25 Jun 2014 03:00 PM PDT</p>
<div style="margin:0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:11px;color:#000000;"><div class="field field-name-field-status field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Updated</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-authors field-type-text field-label-hidden clearfix">
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<div class="field-item" property="schema:author schema:reviewer">
Akl EA, Kahale L, Sperati F, Neumann I, Labedi N, Terrenato I, Barba M, Sempos EV, Muti P, Cook D, Schünemann H</div>
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<div class="field-item even" property="schema:summary schema:description"> <p>
<b>Background</b>
</p>
<p>Patients with cancer undergoing surgical procedures are at an increased <abbr title="A way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chances of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events ie common or infrequent."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#risk" title="A way of expressing the chance of an event taking place, expressed as the number of events divided by the total number of observations or people. It can be stated as ‘the chances of falling were one in four’ (1/4 = 25%). This measure is good no matter the incidence of events ie common or infrequent.">risk</a></abbr> of blood clots. The blood thinner administered to prevent these clots can be either an unfractionated heparin (UFH) or low molecular weight heparin (LMWH). These two blood thinners may have different <abbr title="The ability of an intervention to produce a desired effect in an individual."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#effectiveness" title="The ability of an intervention to produce a desired effect in an individual.">effectiveness</a></abbr> and safety profiles.</p>
<p>
<b>Study characteristics</b>
</p>
<p>We searched scientific databases for clinical trials looking at the effects of UFH and LMWH on death, <abbr title="Relating to, functioning like, associated with, or carried on by the lungs"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#pulmonary" title="Relating to, functioning like, associated with, or carried on by the lungs">pulmonary</a></abbr> <abbr title="The condition in which an embolus (material such as blood clot, fat, air etc) becomes lodged in an artery and obstructs its blood flow."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#embolism" title="The condition in which an embolus (material such as blood clot, fat, air etc) becomes lodged in an artery and obstructs its blood flow.">embolism</a></abbr> (blood clot in the lungs), <abbr title="Clotting and inflammation of the veins, usually in the calves of the legs. There is a risk that some of the clot may dislodge and travel in the bloodstream back to the heart and lungs, where it may cause major blockage of the blood flow. DVT is more common in the elderly, females, smokers, obese patients, and those having major surgery for cancer. Prevention is mainly by the use of anti-clotting agents and having the patent get out of bed and start walking around as soon as possible after the operation."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Clotting and inflammation of the veins, usually in the calves of the legs. There is a risk that some of the clot may dislodge and travel in the bloodstream back to the heart and lungs, where it may cause major blockage of the blood flow. DVT is more common in the elderly, females, smokers, obese patients, and those having major surgery for cancer. Prevention is mainly by the use of anti-clotting agents and having the patent get out of bed and start walking around as soon as possible after the operation.">deep vein thrombosis</a></abbr> (blood clot in the veins of the legs), bruising, bleeding, and need for blood transfusion in patients having operations. We included people of any age or sex. The evidence is current to February 2013.</p>
<p>
<b>Key results</b>
</p>
<p>We found 16 studies of 12,890 patients with cancer. There was no evidence to show that LMWH was better than UFH for death, asymptomatic <abbr title="Clotting and inflammation of the veins, usually in the calves of the legs. There is a risk that some of the clot may dislodge and travel in the bloodstream back to the heart and lungs, where it may cause major blockage of the blood flow. DVT is more common in the elderly, females, smokers, obese patients, and those having major surgery for cancer. Prevention is mainly by the use of anti-clotting agents and having the patent get out of bed and start walking around as soon as possible after the operation."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#deep_vein_thrombosis" title="Clotting and inflammation of the veins, usually in the calves of the legs. There is a risk that some of the clot may dislodge and travel in the bloodstream back to the heart and lungs, where it may cause major blockage of the blood flow. DVT is more common in the elderly, females, smokers, obese patients, and those having major surgery for cancer. Prevention is mainly by the use of anti-clotting agents and having the patent get out of bed and start walking around as soon as possible after the operation.">deep vein thrombosis</a></abbr>, <abbr title="Relating to, functioning like, associated with, or carried on by the lungs"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#pulmonary" title="Relating to, functioning like, associated with, or carried on by the lungs">pulmonary</a></abbr> <abbr title="The condition in which an embolus (material such as blood clot, fat, air etc) becomes lodged in an artery and obstructs its blood flow."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#embolism" title="The condition in which an embolus (material such as blood clot, fat, air etc) becomes lodged in an artery and obstructs its blood flow.">embolism</a></abbr>, or bleeding. There was less bruising around the wound and more blood transfusion during the operation with LMWH compared with UFH. Further trials are needed to clarify the <abbr title="The ability of an intervention to produce a desired effect in an individual."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#effectiveness" title="The ability of an intervention to produce a desired effect in an individual.">effectiveness</a></abbr> of LMWH and UFH.</p>
<p>
<b>Quality of evidence</b>
</p>
<p>The overall quality of evidence of these studies was moderate.</p> </div>
</div>
</div>
<span property="schema:name itemReviewed dc:title" content="Blood thinners for the prevention of clots in patients with cancer undergoing surgery" class="rdf-meta"></span></div>
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<a name="2" style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:14px;" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/NewAndUpdatedSummaries/~3/yUOemQXcXto/CHILDCA_different-infusion-durations-for-preventing-platinum-induced-hearing-loss-in-children-with-cancer?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email">Different infusion durations for preventing platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer</a>
</p>
<p style="font-size:11px;color:#555;margin:9px 0 3px 0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:11px;">
<span>Posted:</span> 25 Jun 2014 03:00 PM PDT</p>
<div style="margin:0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:11px;color:#000000;"><div class="field field-name-field-status field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">New</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-authors field-type-text field-label-hidden clearfix">
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van As JW, van den Berg H, van Dalen EC</div>
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<div class="field-item even" property="schema:summary schema:description"> <p>Platinum-based chemotherapy, including cisplatin, carboplatin or oxaliplatin, or a combination of these, is used to treat different types of childhood cancer. Unfortunately, one of the most important <abbr title="Harmful or abnormal results. An adverse effect may be caused by administration of a medication or by exposure to a chemical and be indicated by an untoward result such as by illness or death."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#adverse_effects" title="Harmful or abnormal results. An adverse effect may be caused by administration of a medication or by exposure to a chemical and be indicated by an untoward result such as by illness or death.">adverse effects</a></abbr> of platinum chemotherapy is hearing loss. This can occur not only during treatment but also years after the end of treatment. Although it is not life-threatening, the loss of hearing, especially during the first three years of life, may lead to difficulties with school performance and psychosocial functioning. Therefore, prevention of platinum-induced hearing loss is very important and might improve the quality of life of children undergoing cancer treatment and those who have survived treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy.</p>
<p>The <abbr title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#review" title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area.">review</a></abbr> authors identified one randomised <abbr title="A systematic, well-planned investigation of a healthcare problem."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#study" title="A systematic, well-planned investigation of a healthcare problem.">study</a></abbr> comparing a continuous cisplatin infusion with a one hour cisplatin <abbr title="The administration of a drug, medication or other substance in the form of a single, large dose."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#bolus" title="The administration of a drug, medication or other substance in the form of a single, large dose.">bolus</a></abbr> infusion in children with neuroblastoma. For the continuous infusion, cisplatin was administered on days 1 to 5 of the treatment cycle but it is not clear if the infusion duration was a total of 5 days. The <abbr title="A systematic, well-planned investigation of a healthcare problem."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#study" title="A systematic, well-planned investigation of a healthcare problem.">study</a></abbr> had methodological problems and only results from shortly after <abbr title="The process of starting the anaesthetic."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#induction" title="The process of starting the anaesthetic.">induction</a></abbr> <abbr title="The treatment of disorders or disease."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#therapy" title="The treatment of disorders or disease.">therapy</a></abbr> were available. At the moment there is no evidence showing that the use of a different cisplatin infusion duration prevents hearing loss or adversely affects <abbr title="any abnormal swelling in or on a part of the body; usually applied to abnormal growth of tissue, which may be benign or malignant"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#tumour" title="any abnormal swelling in or on a part of the body; usually applied to abnormal growth of tissue, which may be benign or malignant">tumour</a></abbr> response and <abbr title="Harmful or abnormal results. An adverse effect may be caused by administration of a medication or by exposure to a chemical and be indicated by an untoward result such as by illness or death."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#adverse_effects" title="Harmful or abnormal results. An adverse effect may be caused by administration of a medication or by exposure to a chemical and be indicated by an untoward result such as by illness or death.">adverse effects</a></abbr>. No <abbr title="Data is the information collected through research. It can include written information, numbers, sounds and pictures. It is usually stored on computer, so that it can be analysed, interpreted and then communicated to others, for example in reports, graphs or diagrams.
"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#data" title="Data is the information collected through research. It can include written information, numbers, sounds and pictures. It is usually stored on computer, so that it can be analysed, interpreted and then communicated to others, for example in reports, graphs or diagrams.
">data</a></abbr> were available for the other outcomes of interest (i.e. <abbr title="any noise (buzzing, ringing etc.) in the ear"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#tinnitus" title="any noise (buzzing, ringing etc.) in the ear">tinnitus</a></abbr>, overall survival, event-free survival and quality of life) or for other (combinations of) infusion durations or other platinum analogues. We need more high quality <abbr title="The term research means different things to different people, but is essentially about finding out new knowledge that could lead to changes to treatments, policies or care.
The definition used by the Department of Health is: “The attempt to derive generalisable new knowledge by addressing clearly defined questions with systematic and rigorous methods.”
"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#research" title="The term research means different things to different people, but is essentially about finding out new knowledge that could lead to changes to treatments, policies or care.
The definition used by the Department of Health is: “The attempt to derive generalisable new knowledge by addressing clearly defined questions with systematic and rigorous methods.”
">research</a></abbr> before definite conclusions can be made about the usefulness of different platinum infusion durations to prevent hearing loss in children with cancer.</p> </div>
</div>
</div>
<span property="schema:name itemReviewed dc:title" content="Different infusion durations for preventing platinum-induced hearing loss in children with cancer" class="rdf-meta"></span></div>
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<a name="3" style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:14px;" href="http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/NewAndUpdatedSummaries/~3/HAsm-BI4Oi0/ORAL_the-effects-of-antibiotics-on-toothache-caused-by-inflammation-or-infection-at-the-root-of-the-tooth-in-adults?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email">The effects of antibiotics on toothache caused by inflammation or infection at the root of the tooth in adults</a>
</p>
<p style="font-size:11px;color:#555;margin:9px 0 3px 0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:11px;">
<span>Posted:</span> 25 Jun 2014 03:00 PM PDT</p>
<div style="margin:0;font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;line-height:140%;font-size:11px;color:#000000;"><div class="field field-name-field-status field-type-list-integer field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">New</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-authors field-type-text field-label-hidden clearfix">
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<div class="field-item" property="schema:author schema:reviewer">
Cope A, Francis N, Wood F, Mann MK, Chestnutt IG</div>
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<div class="field field-name-field-summary-body field-type-text-long field-label-hidden">
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<div class="field-item even" property="schema:summary schema:description"> <p>This <abbr title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#review" title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area.">review</a></abbr>, carried out by authors of the Cochrane Oral Health Group, has been produced to assess the effects of antibiotics on pain and swelling in two conditions commonly responsible for causing dental pain when given with or without dental treatment (such as extraction, drainage of a swelling or root canal treatment).</p>
<p>
<b>Background</b>
</p>
<p>Dental pain is a common problem and can arise when the nerve within a tooth dies due to progressing decay or severe <abbr title="Term used to describe a wound caused by an injury."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#trauma" title="Term used to describe a wound caused by an injury.">trauma</a></abbr>. The <abbr title="The simple elements from which the various parts and organs of the body are built."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#tissue" title="The simple elements from which the various parts and organs of the body are built.">tissue</a></abbr> around the end of the root then becomes inflamed and this can lead to <abbr title="Pain of sudden onset, especially after surgery or injury, or associated with illness."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#acute_pain" title="Pain of sudden onset, especially after surgery or injury, or associated with illness.">acute pain</a></abbr>, which gets worse on biting. Without treatment, bacteria can infect the dead tooth and cause a dental abscess, which can lead to swelling and spreading infection that may be life threatening.</p>
<p>The recommended treatment of this form of toothache is the removal the dead nerve and associated bacteria. This is usually done by dental extraction or root canal treatment. Antibiotics should only be prescribed when there is severe infection that has spread from the tooth. However, some dentists still routinely prescribe <abbr title="Relating to the mouth."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#oral" title="Relating to the mouth.">oral</a></abbr> antibiotics to people with <abbr title="Depicting a severe but short-lived disease (or episodes of a disease) of swift onset"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#acute" title="Depicting a severe but short-lived disease (or episodes of a disease) of swift onset">acute</a></abbr> dental conditions that have no signs of spreading infection.</p>
<p>Minimising inappropriate antibiotic prescribing is plays a key role in limiting the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Since dentists prescribe approximately 8% to 10% of all primary care antibiotics in developed countries, dental prescribing may contribute to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, it is important that antibiotics should only be used when they are clinically beneficial for the person.</p>
<p>
<b>Study characteristics </b>
</p>
<p>The evidence on which this <abbr title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#review" title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area.">review</a></abbr> is based was up to date as of 1 October 2013. We searched scientific databases and found two trials, with a 62 participants included in the <abbr title="Data analysis involves examining and processing research data, in order to answer the questions that the project is trying to address. It involves identifying patterns and drawing out the main themes, and is often done with specialist computer software.
"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#analysis" title="Data analysis involves examining and processing research data, in order to answer the questions that the project is trying to address. It involves identifying patterns and drawing out the main themes, and is often done with specialist computer software.
">analysis</a></abbr>. Both trials were conducted at university dental schools in the USA and evaluated the use of <abbr title="Relating to the mouth."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#oral" title="Relating to the mouth.">oral</a></abbr> antibiotics in the reduction of pain and swelling reported by adults after having the first stage of root canal treatment under local <abbr title="A substance that produces anaesthesia"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#anaesthetic" title="A substance that produces anaesthesia">anaesthetic</a></abbr>. The antibiotic used in both trials was penicillin VK and all participants also received painkillers.</p>
<p>
<b>Key results</b>
</p>
<p>The two studies included in the <abbr title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#review" title="In the Cochrane context, this refers to a ‘systematic review’. In the broader healthcare context it refers to any attempt to synthesise the results of more than one study on a particular topic area.">review</a></abbr> reported that there were no clear differences in the pain or swelling reported by participants who received <abbr title="Relating to the mouth."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#oral" title="Relating to the mouth.">oral</a></abbr> antibiotics compared with a <abbr title="An intervention that to all intents and purposes appears to be the same as that which is being assessed but which does not have the active component being assessed.
"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#placebo" title="An intervention that to all intents and purposes appears to be the same as that which is being assessed but which does not have the active component being assessed.
">placebo</a></abbr> (a dummy treatment) when provided in conjunction with the first stage of root canal treatment and painkillers, but the studies were small and we could not exclude potentially important differences between groups. Neither <abbr title="A systematic, well-planned investigation of a healthcare problem."><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#study" title="A systematic, well-planned investigation of a healthcare problem.">study</a></abbr> examined the effect of antibiotics delivered by themselves, without dental treatment.</p>
<p>One <abbr title="Clinical trials are research studies involving people who use services, which compare a new or different type of treatment with the best treatment currently available. They test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what already exists. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known.
"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#trial" title="Clinical trials are research studies involving people who use services, which compare a new or different type of treatment with the best treatment currently available. They test whether the new or different treatment is safe, effective and any better than what already exists. No matter how promising a new treatment may appear during tests in a laboratory, it must go through clinical trials before its benefits and risks can really be known.
">trial</a></abbr> reported side effects among participants: one person who received the <abbr title="An intervention that to all intents and purposes appears to be the same as that which is being assessed but which does not have the active component being assessed.
"><a class="lexicon-term" href="http://summaries.cochrane.org/lexicon/9#placebo" title="An intervention that to all intents and purposes appears to be the same as that which is being assessed but which does not have the active component being assessed.
">placebo</a></abbr> medication had diarrhoea and one person who received antibiotics experienced tiredness and reduced energy after their operation.</p>
<p>
<b>Quality of evidence</b>
</p>
<p>We judged the quality of evidence to be very low. There is currently insufficient evidence to be able to determine the effects of antibiotics in these conditions.<br /></p> </div>
</div>
</div>
<span property="schema:name itemReviewed dc:title" content="The effects of antibiotics on toothache caused by inflammation or infection at the root of the tooth in adults" class="rdf-meta"></span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,Sans-Serif;font-size:11px;margin:0 6px 1.2em 0;color:#333;">Google Inc., 20 West Kinzie, Chicago IL USA 60610</td>
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